3 approaches to learning

3 approaches to learning

1. Behaviourism

   • John Watson
     • Fear classically conditioned
       • Albert
         • No fear of white rat
           • Loud noise = white rat fear

2. Cognitive approach

   • Bruner et al
     • Category learning
       • successive scanning
         • Methods
           • Artificial stimuli
             • Lack ecological validity
           • Critique
             • Murphy et al
               • Categories build on prior knowledge
                 • Categories incorporate attributes, labels & prior knowledge
           • Relies on comparison with other animals
       • conservative focusing

3. sociocultural approach

   • Saljo
     • tools
       • Language
       • calculator
       • computer
       • Wertscher
         • pole/vaulting
   • observational study on children (mercer et al)
     • children used various discursive practices
       • disputational
       • culmulative
       • exploratory
     • DIFFICULTIES
       • Interpretation
         • 2 researchers
       • Time consuming

4. Classical conditioning

   • Pavlov
     • Dogs salivating
       • Natural/Unconditioned stimulus
         • Natural/Unconditioned response
       • Conditioned stimulus
         • Conditioned response

5. Operant Conditioning

   • B.F.Skinner
     • Skinner Box
       • Emitted behaviours
         • Shaping