Quit smoking (Lung cancer)

Quit smoking (Lung cancer)

1. Anatomy (Lymph nodes)

2. Types of lung cancer

   • NSCLC (85%)
   • SCLC (15%)

3. Signs and symptoms

   • Hemoptysis
     • Respiratory causes
       • Mainly bronchitis, Pneumonia, Lung cancer, Lung abscess, Bronchiectasis, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary edema.
     • Cardiovascular causes
       • - Congestive HF - Mitral stenosis - Bleeding disorders
   • Cough (75%) Weight loss (40%) Chest pain (40%) Dyspnea (20%)
   • Bone pain, CNS changes, Jaundice, Lumps near the surface of the body.
   • Horner syndrome, Superior vena cava syndrome, Paraneoplastic syndromes.

4. Can cause

   • Mediastinal shift
     • is the deviation of the mediastinal structures towards one side of the chest cavity.

5. Causes

   • Smoking, Exposure to certain substances (Radon, asbestos,), Hereditary causes, Air pollution, Radiation.

6. Pathogenesis

   • TSG Inactivation
     • Oncogene Activation
       • Telomerase Activation
         • Evasion of Apoptosis
           • Angiogensis

7. Immune response

   • !- CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (CD8) 2- NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK)

8. Metastasis

   • The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
   • Lymph nodes, Bones, Brain Liver, Adrenal gland.

9. Physical examination

   • General appearance >> Vital signs >> Chest >> Skeletal >> Head and neck >> Extremities

10. investigations

    • Blood Count, Chest Imaging, PET Scan, Sputum cytology, Bronchoscopy, Biopsy, Mediastinoscopy, Spirometry, Gene mutation testing, Estimation of hormones, Staining.

11. Management

    • Surgery
    • Chemotherapy
      • Neoadjuvant, Primary or Adjuvant

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