Specific Topic 7.2 Timber

Specific Topic 7.2 Timber

1. 7.2.1 Natural Timbers - Hardwoods

   • Balsa (1)
     •  is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae, containing the sole species Ochroma pyramidale, commonly known as the balsa tree. It is a large, fast-growing tree that can grow up to 30 m tall.
   • Beech (1)
     • Beech  is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America. Recent classification systems of the genus recognize ten to thirteen species in two distinct subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus.
   • Mahongony (1)
     • Mahogany is a kind of wood—the straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia, indigenous to the Americas.
   • Oak (1)
     • An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus  of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks.
   • Jelutong
     • Jelutong is used for its wood. Along with balsa it is technically a hardwood with many properties similar to that wood. These properties such as the low density, straight grain and fine texture mean it is easy to work with and hence popular with model makers and within the patternmaking trade. The roots are used as a cork substitute.
   • Birch
     • A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.
   • Ash
     • Ash or ashes are the solid remains of fires. Specifically, it refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned.

2. 7.2.2 Natural Timbers - Softwoods

   • Larch
     • Larch is a Tough,durable and is resistant to water.It can be used outside untreated and fades to a silvery grey.
   • Pine (1)
     • an evergreen coniferous tree which has clusters of long needle-shaped leaves. Many kinds are grown for the soft timber, which is widely used for furniture and pulp, or for tar and turpentine.
   • Cedar (1)
     • Cedar is wood with natural oils make it resistant to water and fungal growth

3. 7.2.3

   • Plywood (1)
     • A Tree trunk is sliced into thin layers called veneer. These layers are glued together with the grain lines going in alternate directions
   • Medium Dencity Fibreboard (1)
     • Dust and Fibres are mixed with a glue and pressed into flat sheets under extreme heat and pressure.
   • Chipboard
     • Wood chips are mixed with glue and pressed into flat sheets.

4. 7.2.4 Sources and origins

   • Alpine forests
     • Alpine plants occur in a tundra: a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees. Alpinetundra occurs in mountains worldwide. It transitions to subalpine forests below the tree line; stunted forestsoccurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as Krummholz.
     • Pine
       • an evergreen coniferous tree which has clusters of long needle-shaped leaves. Many kinds are grown for the soft timber, which is widely used for furniture and pulp, or for tar and turpentine.
     • Cedar
       • Cedar is wood with natural oils make it resistant to water and fungal growth
     • Larch
       • Larch is a Tough,durable and is resistant to water.It can be used outside untreated and fades to a silvery grey.
   • European forests
     • Oak
       • An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus  of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks.
     • Beech
       • Beech is a tough wood,Does not crack or splinter easily and it's Hard.
     • Ash
       • Ash or ashes are the solid remains of fires. Specifically, it refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something is burned.
     • Larch
       • Larch is a Tough,durable and is resistant to water.It can be used outside untreated and fades to a silvery grey.
   • Amazonian forests
     • The Amazon rainforest, covering much of northwestern Brazil and extending into Colombia, Peru and other South American countries, is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, famed for its biodiversity. It’s crisscrossed by thousands of rivers, including the powerful Amazon. River towns, with 19th-century architecture from rubber-boom days, include Brazil’s Manaus and Belém and Peru’s Iquitos and Puerto Maldonado.
     • Mahogany
       • Mahogany is a kind of wood—the straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus Swietenia, indigenous to the Americas

5. 7.2.5 Physical Characteristics

   • Knots
     • Knots materially affect cracking and warping, ease in working, and cleavability of timber. They are defects which weaken timber and lower its value for structural purposes where strength is an important consideration. The weakening effect is much more serious when timber is subjected to forces perpendicular to the grain and/or tension than when under load along the grain and/or compression. The extent to which knots affect the strength of a beam depends upon their position, size, number, and condition. A knot on the upper side is compressed, while one on the lower side is subjected to tension. If there is a season check in the knot, as is often the case, it will offer little resistance to this tensile stress. Small knots, however, may be located along the neutral plane of a beam and increase the strength by preventing longitudinal shearing. Knots in a board or plank are least injurious when they extend through it at right angles to its broadest surface. Knots which occur near the ends of a beam do not weaken it. Sound knots which occur in the central portion one-fourth the height of the beam from either edge are not serious defects.
   • Colour
   • Grain structure
     • A grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grainboundaries are 2D defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.
   • Density
     • Density is weight in grams per cubic centinetre or kilograms per cubic metre. Density is the compactness of a substance or material. Wood is often said to have a high strength to 

6. 7.2.6 Properties

   • Compressive strength
     • the resistance of a material to breaking under compression
   • Tensile strength
     • the resistance of a material to breaking under tension.
   • Elasticity
     • the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed; stretchiness.
   • Durability (1)
     • the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.
   • Toughness (1)
     •  is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. 
   • Hardness (1)
     • the quality or condition of being hard.

7. 7.2.7 Social footprint

   • is the realization of the positive and negative externalities of a company on its ecosystem.
   • Trend forcasting
   • Recycling and Disposal
     • The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse andrecycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. ... The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery.
   • Logging impact
     • Logging can also remove wood for forest management goals. Logging is a controversial due to its environmental and aesthetic impacts. Logging impacts the environment in two ways, the timber harvest itself, that is, the removal of trees from the forest, and secondly by the disturbance caused bylogging operations.

8. 7.2.8 Ecological footprint

   • Sustainability
     • In ecology, sustainability is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinitely. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems.
   • Deforestation
     • Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use
   • Habitat impacts
     • Impact of habitat loss on species. ... The world's forests, swamps, plains, lakes, and other habitats continue to disappear as they are harvested for human consumption and cleared to make way for agriculture, housing, roads, pipelines and the other hallmarks of industrial development.
   • Processing
     • Processing is an open-source computer programming language and integrated development environment built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching ...
   • Transportation
     • Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, land, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
   • Wastage
     • Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, wastewater, radioactive waste, and others.
   • Pollution
     • Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.

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