Search SI

Search SI

1. 1) Where do Innovations come from?

   • i) Shock to the System: events which change the world and the way we think about it and force us to innovate in new direction
   • ii) Accidents: Unexpected and surprising things which offer new directions for innovation
   • iii) Watching Others: innovation arising fro imitation or extending what others do (benchmarking, reverse engineering, copying)
   • iv) Recombination Innovation: ideas and applications in one world transferred to a new context
   • v) Regulation: changing rules of the game push or pull innovation in new directions
   • vi) Advertising: uncovering and amplifying latent needs
   • vii) Inspiration: the Archimedes moment
   • viii) Knowledge Push: creating opportunity by pushing the frontiers of science forward
   • ix) Design Drive Innovation
   • x) Need Pull: necessity as the mother of invention, and innovation
   • xi) Users as Innovators
   • xii) Exploring alternative future and opening up different possibilities

2. 2) Knowledge Push

   • - Result of scientific research
     • -Process of exploring and codifying at the frontiers of knowledge became systematic activity, wide network of people sharing their ideas.
       • - 20th century: Research Laboratory as a key instrument of progress. eg. Bell Labs, ICI, Bayer, BASF, Philips, Ford, Western Electric, Du Pont = Powerhouses of ideas
         • -Produce steady stream of innovations which fed rapidly growing markets for automobiles, consumer electrical products, synthetic materials, industrial chemicals, industrial complexes to fight war
           • Science Push Innovations (from organized R&D)
             • CASE STUDIES of Science Push approach
               • Corning
               • Kodak
               • 3M
               • Philips
             • Organized R&D
               • Aim:
                 • Explore but much of that exploration was elaborating and stretching trajectories which were established as a result of occasional breakthroughs
                   • Moved through a series of process innovations, each of which dominates for a period before replaced with a superior version
                     • eg.
                     • Takes decades of work to refine and improve the process
                       • This idea of occasional breakthroughs followed by extended periods of exploring and elaboration along those paths has been studied and mapped by a number of writers
                         • Knowledge creation provides a push, "opportunity field", which sets up possibilities for innovation
                           • No guarantee of adoption
                             • Requires some form of demand
                               • May not meet a real or perceived need
                                 • People may not be motivated to change
   • Model: mixture of occasional breakthrough followed by extensive elaboration

3. 3) Need Pull

   • Necessity is the Mother of Invention
     • A response to a real or perceived need for change
       • eg. Basic Needs led early innovation as societies evolved
         • Stage where the Need Pull operates on more sophisticated higher level needs
           • Diapers
           • Henry Ford
           • Procter & Gamble
       • Understanding buyer/adopter behaviour, key theme in marketing studies
         • Provide frameworks and tools for identifying and understanding user needs
           • Advertising and branding plays a key role in this process, essentially using psychology to stimulate and create basic human needs
             • Detailed ethnographic studies
               • of what people actually do and how they actually use products and services
                 • uncover hidden and latent needs
                   • Important at Mature Stages in industry or product life cycles, when there is more than one offering to choose from
                     • competing depends on differentiating on the basis of needs and attributes, or segmenting the offering to suit different adopter types
                       • Bandwagon effect
                       • Not about creating wealth, but of providing value for money in service delivery
                         • not always about commercial markets or consumer needs!
                           • There is also a strong tradition of social need providing the pull for new products, processes and services
                             • Increase in the urgency of a need or the extent of demand can have a forcing effect on innovation
                               • eg. Wartime
           • CASE STUDIES of Need Pull
             • RED
             • The Open Door Project
   • Model: Elaboration & Differentiation

4. 4) Whose Needs?

5. 5) Towards Mass Customization

6. 6) Users as Innovators

7. 7) Extreme Users

8. 8) Watching Others

9. 9) Recombinant Innovation

10. 10) Design-led Innovation

11. 11) Regulation

12. 12) Futures & Forecasting

13. 13) Accidents

14. 14) Framework fro Looking at Innovation Sources

15. 15) How to Search

16. 16) Absorptive Capacity

17. 17) Balancing Exploitation and Exploration

18. 18) Tools and Mechanisms to Enable Search

19. 19) Two Dimensions of Innovation Search

20. 20) Map of Innovation Search Space