MODALS

MODALS

1. Like: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT TO, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL AND WOULD

   • Are used before another verb
     • We can creep
   • Are followed by a verb in its infinitive form without to
     • Except for ought which must be followed by to.
       • You ought to wake up earlier
     • She should wake up earlier
       • NOT: You should to wake up
   • Are immediately followed by not in the negative
     • We should not/ shouldn't be late for the date
     • We ought not to be late for the date
   • Never change (they don't add -s or -ed or -ing)
   • Go immediately before the subject in a question
     • Could you call me?

2. RULES AND OBLIGATION

   • Mustn't and Don't have to
     • Must not + verb Do/Does not have to + verb
       • Although must and have to both express obligation, mustn't and don't have to have different meanings
         • My classmates mustn't make a lot of noise (= it is wrong to do this, it isn't allowed).
         • My family don't have to rest on holiday (= we are not obliged to but we can if we want)
   • Should
     • When we are talking about the right thing to do
       • They shouldn't doze off in the reunion. (= it's the wrong thing to do but she still does it).
       • Demian should be careful while he is riding his bike.. (= it's the right thing but he doesn't do it)
     • To talk about the past, we should have + past participle
       • I should have done the homework. (= this was the right thing to do but I didn't do it)
       • Alfredo shouldn't have liked me. (= this wasn't the right thing to do but I did it)
     • It is also possible to use ought to or ought to have in these sentences, but it is less common.
   • Have/has got to
     • In speech and informal writing, we often use have/has got to instead of have/has to. Have/has got to normally refers to a particular action rather than a general situation
       • We have to work very hard this morning. or We've got to work hard this morning.
       • Don't you have to finish that project today? or Haven't you got to finish that project today?
       • They have to work very long hours. (NOT: They have got to work very long hours).
     • When we refer to the past we use had to.
       • Roberta had to get up earlier when she was your age. (NOT: She'd got to get up)
   • Must and Have to
     • For obligation, we can often use either must or have to
       • I must go now or I'll go alone. or I have to go now or I'll go alone.
     • We use must to give orders, for written notices or for strong advice, including to ourselves
       • Sam must go now (= She has decided to do this, or it's important for her to do this)
     • When the obligation doesn't come from the speaker, must is possible but have to is more usual
       • You have to park your car in the (= it's in the mall rules)
       • I have to stay until the last client is gone. (= this is part of my job).
     • We usually use have to for habits
       • Frank has to prepare his things for the game
       • I have to wake up earlier.
     • We only use must in one form and it refers only to the present or future. For other verb forms, we use have to
       • I had to work everyda.y. (past simple)
       • I'll (will) have to work (=future)
       • I avoided having to speak crossing the town (verb + -ing)
       • If I don't have a mistake, I'd (would) have to have an A+. (conditional)

3. NECESSITY

   • We can use need + [to infinitive] as a normal main verb in all the tenses, but it also has a modal form in the negative
     • She doesn't need to do it. or She needn't come. (=she doesn't have to do- it's not necessary)
   • In positive statements
     • She needs to do it (NOT: She need do it)
   • To talk about the past
     • Diana needed to get a point (=it was necessary because she lost one)
     • Diana didn't need to get a point. (=itwasn't necessary because she already had 10).
   • Needn't have has a different meaning
     • Diana needn't have gotten a point. (= she got a point but her teacher gave her one so now she has two extra points!)

4. MAKING OFFERS

   • There are several ways of offering help to someone
     • Can I/we + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • Can I help you to cook breakfast?
     • Shall I/we + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • Shall I clean the kitchen for you?
     • I can/ I coul/ I'll + [verb in infinitive form without to before]
       • I can borrow you some money
     • Why don't I + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • Why don't I carry the last box for you?
     • Woul you like me + [verb in infinitive form] ?
       • Would you like me to do washing up?

5. ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERMISSION

   • We can ask for permission by saying:
     • Can I + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • Can I leave my bag here while I look around the shop? (= a simple request which expects the answer yes)
     • Couid I + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • Could I borrow your house for the party? (= more polite or a request which is less sure of the aswer being yes
     • May I + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
       • May I sit here? (= a more formal request, particularly to a stranger)
   • We usually answer by saying:
     • Of course (you can). / OK. / Certainly.
     • I'm afraid not. (= polite) / No, you can't. (= not very polite)
   • May is often used in written notices to say what is or isn't allowed
     • You may borrow seven books from the library

6. MAKING REQUESTS

   • We use Can you?, Will you?, Could you?, Do you think you could?, Would you? or Would you mind? to ask someone else to do something
     • We often use Can you? or Will you?, especially in informal conversation
       • Can you pass me the salt?
       • Can you get me some candies from the store?
     • To be more polite, we use Coul you?, and Would you?
       • Could you tell me where the cinema is?
       • Would you lend me your cellphone?
     • We often use Do you think you could? (NOT: Do you think you can?) to make requests
       • Do you think you could shut the door?
     • We usually answer by saying
       • (Yes) of course (I can/ I will). or OK. or Maybe
       • I'm sorry, I'm afraid I can't. (NOT: No I won't, which sounds rude)
     • We never use May you? to ask someone to do something (NOT: May you give me the sugar?
     • We use Would you mind (not) -ing? when we want to be very polite
       • Would you mind doing quickly the document?
       • Would you mind not shouting near to me?
     • The reply to a question with Would you mind? is negative
       • Not at all. (= I don't mind doing quickly the document. / We don't mind stopping shouthing near to you.

7. MAKING SUGGESTIONS

   • To make a suggestion, we can use:
     • Let's
       • Let's + [verb in infinitive form without to before]
         • Let's drive to the town centre today
     • What about
       • What about + [verb in gerund] ?
         • What about driving to the town centre today?
     • How about
       • How about + [verb in gerund] ?
         • How about driving to the town centre today?
     • Shall I/we
       • Shall I/we + [verb in infinitive form without to before] ?
         • Shall we drive to the town centre today?
     • Why don't I/we/you
       • Why don´t I/we/you + [verb in gerund] ?
         • Why don't you drive to the town centre today?
     • If we are less sure of what we are suggesting, we can say
       • i/we/you could + [verb in infinitive form without to before]
         • We could drive to the town centre today.

8. GIVING ORDERS AND ADVICE

   • To give orders and advices, we use: Must (the strongest), Had better (stronger), ought to/should (strong) and could (less strong
     • We don't use mustn't or couldn't when giving advice
     • To talk about the right thing to do in the past
       • We shouldn't have spoken a lot.
     • To talk about the past
       • You should have/ought to have accepted the ride. (= it was a good idea to accept it but you didn't)
         • For the negative
           • You shouldn't have worn that dress (= you wore it but it wasn't a good idea)
     • We don't use mustn't or couldn't when giving advice. We can use all these to talk about the right thing to do
       • You could start looking for a boyfriend (= suggestion)
       • Dan should/ ought to be patient (=advice)
       • I must try not to fall (=an order)
       • Yam had better go and say sorry.
       • They ought not to tell that (=advice)

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