Memory: Chapter 1

Memory: Chapter 1

1. History of Memory

   • Willis
     • Described the anatomy of the brain
   • Galvani
     • Electricity and nerve conduction
   • Ramon y Cajal
     • Discrete nerve cells in brain
     • Golgi Stain to identify elements of neurons
       • Four things he noted: 1) No continuation of nerve cells 2) Functionally polarized 3) Summation of signals
     • Axonal Arborization and dendrites
     • higher order vertebrates had higher neuron connectivity = basis of intellect = plasticity and learning
   • Sherrington
     • Neurons must be indpendent: 1) lesions showed restricted defecits 2) time lag in reflexes
       • Synapses
     • Sensory Stimulation generates muscle movement
     • Sherrington & Cajal Agreement
       • Golgi organ stretch receptors to monitor muscle length and tension
       • Dermatones - sensory input from skin
       • Mutiple inputs to motor neurons from spinal cord
         • Summation for excitatory and inhibitory inputs
       • Reciprocal Innervation (excitatory and inhibitory coordinate muscle movement
       • Pavlov, Cajal and Sherrington
         • Independent neurons
           • Communicate via synapses
             • to form a circuit or simple reflex
               • to form a complex or learned reflex
                 • which can be modified during learning
   • Pavlov
     • Gastric Secretion Reflex
       • Digestion reflex arc: gustatory circuits in mouth - brain stem - vagus nerve - gastric secretions
       • AKA "Psychic Secretions" from only the sight of food
         • Becomes unreliable as there is excition without reinforcement
     • Conditioned Reflex UCR/UCS
       • Need close temporal continuity and CS must be consistent in predicting US for maintaning CR
   • Gall & Phrenology
     • Individual differences in behaviour in extremem cases and measured skulls to assume correlation between shame and brain anatomy
   • Broca
     • Inability to speak, but can hear and understand speech
       • 3rd convolution, left frontal lobe
   • Wernicke
     • normal speech production and inability to understand speech
       • left temporal lobe
   • Fritsch and Hitzig
     • Motor cortex and electrical stimulation to specific muscle movement
   • Ferrier
     • Initial evidence of distinct sensory and motor
       • specific lesions had specific effects i.e. temporal deaf and left frontal paralysis

2. 4 Cs

3. Random Points

   • Complex Reflex: Decerebrate animals
     • Walking, flying, jumping
       • Inhibition via higher controls

4. Behaviourism

   • Watson
     • Trained rats to learn mazes
       • Removed sensory ability
         • Only need Kinesthetic movements
           • Conclusion: Learning mediated by reflex chains and conscious thought is irrelevant
   • Ebbinghaus
     • Created a control learned material of nonsense syllables all the same length and attempted to quantify memory
       • Used math and stats to depict the forgetting curve a savings list was the amount remembered correctly from the first trial that would not have to be restudied. i.e. amount of memory saved
   • Small
     • Mazes for lab animals and identified how rats learned
       • rats preferred shortcuts over reinforced turns
         • Learning may actually include cognition, insight and motive
           • Cognitivism
             • Learned behaviours are more complex than just reflexes
             • William James
               • Reflexes are the building blocks of memory - habits
                 • However, memories are different from reflexes
                   • Primary Memory
                     • STM/WM Consciousness
                   • Secondary Memory
                     • LTM content of information and experience
                   • Elaborate associations among habits and remembered items/experiences
                     • What makes good memory?
                       • Strength and number of pathways present diversify associations combine information and experience and don't just repeat/habit
   • Thorndike
     • Puzzle box and law of effect
       • Reinforcing behaviours are more likely to be repeated

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