An introductory transformational grammar

An introductory transformational grammar

1. Grammars of English

   • Divide on
     • Traditional
       • Focus on
         • Latin grammar
           • Focus on
             • Forms of words
               • Example
                 • Puer virum videt
           • English Grammar
             • Focus on
               • Order of word
                 • Example
                   • The boy sees the man
     • Structural
       • Focus on
         • Grammatical elements
           • in term of
             • structure
     • Transformational
       • Its divisions are
         • p1:S- (M) Nuc
         • p2: Nuc- Np+Vp
         • p3: Vp- Aux+ Mv (manner)(place)(time)(reason)
         • p4: Aux-tense (M) (have+en) (be+ing)
         • p5: Tense- (present, past)
         • p6: Mv be(Np, Ap, Place) V (NP)
         • p7: Np- (Det)N(Pl)
         • p8: Ap-(Intens)(Adj)
       • Structure of Sentences
         • Composed by
           • Sentence modifier(SM)
             • Example
               • Yes, Naturally,No
           • Noun phrase
             • Consist of
               • Names
               • Nominals
               • Optimal Elements
                 • Determiners (Dt)
                 • Plurals (Pl)
           • Verb phrase
             • Auxiliary
               • Tense
                 • could be
                   • verb to be
                   • have
               • Modals
                 • should, could, might
               • Example
             • Main verb
             • Adverbials phrase
               • Adverbials
                 • Divided in
                   • Noun phrase
                     • or
                       • reason
                         • we walked a mile
                   • Adverbs
                     • or
                       • manner
                         • rapidly
                   • prepositional phrase
                     • or
                       • place
                         • in the yard
                   • Uninflected word
                     • or
                       • time
                         • here, today
                 • Accompanied by
                   • Adjective phrase
                     • Intensifier
                       • Example
                         • Very, extremly
                     • Adjective
                       • Example
                         • old, beautiful
         • Transformations
           • is
             • the process of convert
               • Deep structure
                 • to
                   • surface structure
                     • is generated by
                       • phrase structure
                       • lexical rules
                       • Example
                         • not John past can sing well
                 • is
                   • Grammatical sentences
                     • Example
                       • John could not sing well
           • types of transformations
             • Question transformation
               • kinds of questions
                 • Yes/No questions
                   • Its rules are
                     • Q+x+tense ({aux}1 (not)) Y-tense(Aux1 (not) X)
                     • Q+x+tense(be(not)Y-tense(be(not)X)
                     • Q+x+tense((not)V)Y-tense((not)X+V)
                   • Example
                 • Wh questions
                   • Its rules are
                     • X
                       • Adv-p-WH
                       • Adv-t-WH
                       • Adv-r-WH
                       • (Prep) Np-WH+
                       • Det-WH+N
                     • Y
                       • Where, when how, why
                       • {whose, which, what}+N
                       • Prep {who,what}
                   • Example
             • Negative Transformation
               • Deep structure
                 • Rules are
                   • not+x+tense+aux1+Y
                   • not+x+tense+be+y
                   • not+x+tense+v+y
               • Surface structure
                 • Rules are
                   • not+x+tense+be+y
                   • x+tense+be+not+y
                   • x+tense+v+not+y
               • Example
             • Transformational process
               • Condition for transforming a sentence
               • Passive transformation
                 • Same meaning different structure
                   • Example
                     • Walter saw me
                     • I was seen by Walter
         • Example
       • Not interested in
         • Interested in
           • Speaker´s competence
             • Exaample
               • I spilled the milk on the bathub
         • Speaker´s performance

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