CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY

1. Chemistry may be defined as the study and practice of making basic materials and determining their character.

   • BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS
     • Matter
       • Matter occupies space, has mass, and so can be weighed. This distinguishes it from light and similar radiation.
         • There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
           • A solid has its own volume and shape. There are two main types of basic material:
             • Homogeneous: appear uniform under an optical microscope, the latter not.
             • Heterogeneous: are mixtures of the former
           • A liquid has its own volume but takes the shape of the vessel it is in.
           • A gas fills the vessel it is in it takes up the vessel´s volume and shape.
     • Substances and solutions
       • A solution is a combination of substances in varying proportions.
         • The principal component is called the solvent; minor components are called solutes.
           • Chemists separate components of solutions by distillation, crystallization, solvent extraction, chromatography, and other methods.
       • Substances may be pure or impure.
         • Impure substances contain small quantities of other substances, either mixed with them or dissolved in them.
         • Pure substances melt and boil at a constant temperature.
         • Substances can thus undergo three kinds of change: physical, physicochemical, chemical and radiochemical.
           • In a physical change there is no change in substance or form.
           • In a physicochemical change there is a change in form but not of substance.
           • In a chemical change there is a change of substance.
           • In radiochemical hange of substance and absorption or emission of high-energy radiation.
     • Elements and compounds
       • Compounds decompose into other substances, elements do not. Likewise, compounds can be made by combination of other substances, elements cannot. Compounds ultimately decompose into, and can be made from, elements.
   • CONSUMER CHEMICALS
     • Consumer Chemical Products Labelling Criteria
       • “GHS” (The Globally Harmonized System of Classification & Labeling of Chemicals) is the system that is approved and implemented by United Nations’ 2002 Johannesburg Sustained Development Summit and Chemical Safety Seminar. It is the hazardous identification system recognized internationally to provide increased protection for human health and environment.
         • This system covers all chemicals in domestic products, medical products, automobile products, and electronic products etc.
     • PERFUMES AND FLAVORS
       • Due to the implications for public health, speciality chemicals such as those used for perfumes and flavors are now amongst the most regulated materials used in industry.
     • SOAPS, DETERGENTS AND HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
       • Growing public awareness of environmental and public health concerns has meant that pressure has risen on manufacturers and traders to focus on minimizing environmental impact and reducing the impact of packaging on waste management.
     • COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE
       • Over the past ten years the cosmetics and personal care products industry has expanded beyond a market solely for women, to include men and children. Many products are regulated due to concerns over health and performance.
     • VITAMINS AND HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS
       • The global manufacture, supply and marketing of vitamins and food supplements has recently come under increased scrutiny from the media, government bodies and consumer protection groups.
   • SPECIALTY CHEMICALS
     • BIOCIDES
       • The biocides are defenses of protection against agents of disease and destruction, pests and other organisms which threaten our health, our food, our environment and the places in which we live and work.
     • FINE CHEMICALS
       • The Fine Chemicals focus on life sciences, ranging from the pharmaceutical industry to the agrochemical industry, food and domestic products.
     • FOOD AND FEED
       • chemical substances such as food contact additives are widely used in various food contact materials, such as food packaging, kitchen utensils or food processing equipment. They help to protect the food against chemical and microbial deterioration during storage and transportation, while helping in reducing food waste and losses and thus contributing to the objectives of the circular economy of the food system.
     • WATER AND PAPER
       • Water and paper cluster gathers sector groups whose substances are mostly used in water and paper applications.
     • RESINS
       • Resins are solid or highly viscous substances which are typically convertible into polymers. They can be either plant-derived or synthetic in origin.
     • OLEOCHEMICALS AND SURFACTANTS
       • Oleochemicals are used as raw materials or intermediates in a variety of products such as detergents, cosmetics, lubricants, paints, plastics and numerous other everyday products.
       • Surfactants are smart chemicals that are key to both the quality of modern life and many different industries such as home care, personal care, health care, crop care, industrial & institutional cleaning and various other markets.
     • PIGMENTS, DYES, FILLERS, AND CATALYSTS
       • Pigments are used for colouring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder.
     • PLASTICS ADDITIVES
       • Polymers such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, and many others are found in thousands of industrial and domestic applications. Their performance and durability relies heavily on essential additives such as flame retardants, plasticisers, anti-oxidants, heat and light stabilisers – to name but a few – to enhance their performance and durability.

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