Phrase

Phrase

1. Noun Phrase

   • Head as a noun or pronoun Ex: She bought a house
     • Its head or nucleo is a noun or a pronoun
       • Pre-modification: Part of the phrase that modifies the NP Ex: Several blue cars
         • Post-modifcation: It provides extra information of the head, including relative clauses, non-finite clauses and prepositional phrases
           • Can be there phrases of one word ? Yes. Ex: What do you do on the weekend? Sleep
             • Word classes that can be a pre-modifier: Adjectives, noun phrase in the genitive case, noun modifiers, participles and other nouns (time management)
               • Identifier:grammar elements such as articles, possessives and demonstratives that come before any numeral or indefinite quantifier
                 • Mutually exclusive modifiers: Articles, demonstratives and possessives
                   • -. What rules are there for numeral / Quantifiers?
                     • Indefinite quant+ cardinal numb: Some of the ten students present in my class finished the report on time.
                     • Ordinal+ cardinal: The second four pages of the book I read were very good.
                     • Ordinal numeral + indef quant (Much, many, lot of, A little, a few, No, none, not any A, An, Some, Any, Some or Any
                     • Provide a list of examples of pre modifiers? Adjectives, numerals, noun modifiers, the, a ,that, those, my, your(determiners), his, her, our, their, its,(possessive adjectives) quantifiers (both, all, one third, half) Genitive case.
                       • 14) What is special about Post modification? In general 95 % of post modifiers are phrases and clauses. Clauses: relative, non-finite: Pablo is eager to please, prepositional: I have a party at night 5%: adjectives, adverbs
                         • 16) Mention additional post-modifiers in a noun phrase. Provide 2 examples of these. Adjective: something sweet, Adverb: the day after
                           • 22) How many non-finite forms of a verb are there? Which ones? How were these forms named during 1st semester? Infinite clauses, present participle clauses and past participle clauses They were named “States of the verb”
                       • 17) What is a relative clause? How do they start? A relative clause is a post modifier in a noun phrase. They have a strong relation with the head of the NP and they start with a Relative Pronoun (where, which, who, when, where, one, that)
                         • 18) Provide an extensive list of heads of relative clause. Which/ that/who/whom/why/than /whose/where/
                           • 21) What is non-finite form of a verb? Ex: Non- conjugated verb forms (infinitives and gerunds) Ready to go Painting is a good habit Smoking is dangerous
                       • 25) Mention the most common post modifiers in a noun phrase. Relative clauses, non-finite clauses and prepositional phrases. Additionally it is possible for an adjective or an adverb to act as a post modifier too.
                         • 20) What are non-finite clauses? They are clauses usually without subjects, introduced by a non-finite form of the verb.

2. Adjective Phrase

   • Phrases where an adjective is the head Ex: Very enthusiastic about his ideas
     • Pre-modifiers: Intensifiers and adverbs of manner Ex: Beautifully cool, extremely nice, annoyingly simple
       • Pre-modifiers. Adverbs: very , quite, somewhat ,rather, extremely, incredible slow,cool, annoyingly simple
         • Any other given name for the post.modification of an AP ? Complement of the adjective
           • Types of modifiers. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE, INFINITIVE CLAUSE (VERY DIFFICULT TO PLEASE) A "THAT" CLAUSE
             • What is so special about certain kind of adjectives when it comes to complements? That Many adjectives do not allow any kind of complement .Post- modification is optional for most adjectives
               • Functions of an Adjective Phrase: Attributive and predicative. a) Attributive. It occurs when adjectives or adjectives phrases are found in the pre-modification of a NP. Ex: A very interesting story, a somewhat anxious mother. b) Predicative. It occurs after a copula verb such as: be, seem, sound, feel; for example Naomi is anxious about Jim’s health, Jim seems concerned that Naomi will worry too much.
                 • What is so special about an AP that has complements? Adjective phrases containing complements (post-modification) may function only predicatively.
                   • What is a copula verb? What other name were they given in the first semester? A verb that connects the subject to the predicate. They are also called Linking Verbs.
                     • Where do Copula verbs appear? When there is an AP containing complements occurring a predicative function. a) Ex: is anxious about Jim’s health, Jim seems concerned that Naomi will worry too much.
                       • What is not obligatory for a predicative AP to have? Exemplify. A complement. Ex: Criminal in His actions were criminal.
                         • Why are there adjectives that must be followed by a complement? Exemplify. Because attributive adjective phrases may not contain complements. Ex: Aware. I wasn’t aware she was here.
             • a) A prepositional Phrase Ex: ( Very anxious about Jim’s health
             • b) An Infinitive Clause ( clause introduced by an infinitive form of the verb) Ex: very anxious to please
             • c) A “that” clause: ( clause introduced by the conjunction “that” Ex: very anxious that no-one should accuse him of laziness

3. Adverb Phrase

   • Phrases which Head is an adverb Ex: Amazingly well
     • Modifiers : Another Adverb. Usually intensifiers : Very quickly, Quite wonderfully, Extremely faithfully
       • Intensifiers: Utterly, Seriously, Highly,Completely, totally,quite
         • Personal Evaluation: intensifying adverbs appear to be either directly(horribly) or indirectly in a expression talking about personal evaluation
           • Uses or functions of an Adverbial Phrase: Provide circumstantial information about the action, process or event talked in the clause. Place, time and manner
             • I left the books right over there (place) I will see my little daughter very soon (time),  Maria handled extremely carefully the package (manner) 
             • What functions don't whatsoever modify and adverb? In conjunct and and disjunct functions
               • Adverb phrase when it comes to the speaker's attitude. It provides circumstantial information of an event, action or process reflecting time, place or manner