BIO 150 MIND MAP Darlene Phan

BIO 150 MIND MAP Darlene Phan

1. BIODIVERSITY

   • NATURAL SELECTION + BIODIVERSITY drives evolution, speciation
   • HUMAN INFLUENCE
     • species diversity declines
     • overexploitation
       • EXPLOITATION + ADAPTIVE RADIATION happens when there's multiple opportunities of exploitation
       • habitable area decreases
     • non native species
     • drug resistance
     • organisms adapt
     • extinction
   • EUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY
     • four kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, protists
       • Protists
         • very diverse
           • cell wall or tests
             • flagella
               • pseudopodia
         • algae
           • photosynthetic
             • single celled/multi
         • protozoa
           • (almost all) single celled
       • superkingdoms
   • variety of life
     • NATURAL SELECTION + VARIETY OF LIFE drives evolution and diversity
     • different levels
       • sustainability
         • humans are dependent
           • food/water
           • clean air/water

2. EVOLUTION

   • EVOLUTION + HARDY WEINBURG if not in HWE, evolution is at work
   • molecular: change in DNA sequences over time
     • molecular clock
       • MOLECULAR CLOCK + MUTATION measures # of mutations
       • pseudogene
   • non adaptive mechanism
     • genetic drift
       • GENETIC DRIFT + ALLELE FREQUENCY change in frequency of gene
       • bottleneck
       • founder event
     • mutation
       • gene flow
     • non random mating
       • inbreeding depression
   • GENETIC VARIATION
     • GENETIC VARIATION + MUTATION genetic variation can be caused by mutation
     • mutation & recombination
       • deleterious, neutral, advantageous
         • somatic/germ-line
     • allele frequency
       • HARDY WEINBURG
         • allele frequency do not change
           • 5 assumptions
         • fitness
           • FITNESS + NATURAL SELECTION measure of reproductive success
         • mendelian genetics
         • population genetic analysis
     • NATURAL SELECTION
       • NATURAL SELECTION + GENETIC DRIFT + SPECIATION drives evolution
       • harmful allele= decrease
       • beneficial=increase
       • artificial, sexual, intrasexual, intersexual
   • change in allele/genotype frequency
     • population evolve - not individuals
   • darwinian evolution
     • modern synthesis
       • MODERN SYNTHESIS + MENDELIAN GENETICS + DARWINIAN EVOLUTION modern synthesis combines mendelian genetics and darwinian evolution = theory of evolution
   • molecular evolution
   • SPECIATION
     • macroevolution
       • EVOLUTION + MACROEVOLUTION evolution above species
     • adaptive radiation
       • ADPATIVE RADIATION + EVOLUTION rapid evolutionary diversification
     • biological species concept
       • reproductive isolation
         • pre zygotic
           • temporal isolation
           • behavioral
           • habitat
           • mechanical
           • gametic behaviors
         • post zygotic
           • reduced hybrid viability
           • hybrid sterility
     • vicariance
       • VICARIANCE + GENE FLOW gene flow reduced/eliminated
     • allopatric
       • colonization/dispersal
     • sympatric
       • SYMPATRIC + MUTATION error in cell division
       • eco isolation
         • ECO ISOLATION + GENE FLOW reduced ECO ISOLATION + NATURAL SELECTION enforce reproductive isolation of extreme groups
         • polyploidy
           • POLYPLOIDY + MUTATION autopolyploid

3. *Click on the paper icon to see connections between nodes. Expand post-it note to see full text

4. PHYLOGENY

   • PHYLOGENY+SPECIATION process of branching
   • monophyletic
   • paraphyletic
   • polyphyletic
   • taxonomic levels
   • cladistics
   • morphology
     • MORPHOLOGY+MUTATIONS tracing DNA or RNA sequences
   • fossils
     • FOSSIL+PHYLOGENY evolutionary history
     • phylogenic hypothesis
       • PHYLOGENIC HYPOTHESIS+EVOLUTION evolutionary hypothesis
     • trace fossils
       • TRACE FOSSIL+EXTINCTION trace of animal
     • molecular fossils
       • MOLECULAR FOSSILS+EXTINCTON derived from once living organisms
     • geology
       • geologic timescale
       • radiometric dating
   • mass extinction
     • MASS EXTINCTION+EVOLUTION altered course of evolution

5. PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY

   • bacteria
     • BACTERIA + PHOTOSYNTHESIS many photosynthetic bacteria don't produce O
     • plasmids
     • peptidoglycan
       • PEPTIDOGLYCAN + CELL WALL  structural support for bacteria
     • diffusion limit
     • horizontal gene transfer
       • HGT + DIVERSITY Promotes genetic diversity in bacteria
   • archaea
   • expanded carbon cycle
   • photosynthesis
     • PHOTOSYNTHESIS PRO VS EUK prokaryotic - cytoplasmeukaryotic - chloroplasts
     • anoxygenic
     • bacteriochlorophyll
   • fermentation
   • photoheterotrophs
     • chemoautotroph
   • metabolic diversity