Mapa mental

Body Sistems

Nikol Torres Espanhol

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Body Sistems

Nervous system
- It is a complex set of cells responsible for directing, supervising and controlling all the functions and activities of organs and the organism in general.
  - Has 2 types of cells
    - Neurons
      - They are excitable cells that conduct the impulses that make all the functions of the nervous system possible.
      - Have a basic structure and consist of 3 essential parts:
        The body or neuronal soma
        It contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm, with all its intracellular organelles, surrounded by the plasma membrane.
        Dendrites
        through them the neuron receives stimuli from neighboring neurons with which it establishes a synapse
        Axon
        through this the nerve impulse is transmitted from the cell body to other nerve cells or to other organs of the body
    - Neuroglias
      - They are a group of non-excitable cells collectively
      - The main cells found in the neuroglia are:
        Astrocytes
        Found throughout the SN form a structural and supporting framework for neurons and maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier
        Oligodendrocytes
        Synthesizes myelin and the myelination of the axons of neurons in the CNS
        Microglia
        They have a phagocytic function and are important in mediating the immune response within the CNS
        Ependymal cells
        They are hair cells that line the wall of the system ventricular and ependymal
        Schwann cells
        synthesize the myelin that covers the axons at this level. Each cell surrounds a single axon.
        Satellite cells
        they are cells that support the neurons of the ganglia of the PNS
  - It is divided into:
    - Central Nervous System
      - Encephalon
        The brain
        Organ that controls voluntary actions. It is related to learning, memory and emotions
        The cerebellum
        Coordinates the movements, reflexes and balance of the body
        The medulla oblongata
        directs the activities of the internal organs, such as breathing, heartbeat, and body temperature.
      - Spinal Cord
        It is made up of 31 segments from which a pair of spinal nerves emerge from each one of them, some of which originate in the spinal segment
        The motor and sensory nerves are located in the spinal cord
        It is 43 cm long in adult women and 45 cm long in adult men and weighs about 35-40 grams.
    - Peripheral nervous system:
      - It includes all the nerves that leave the central nervous system throughout the body.
      - It is made up of nerves and nerve ganglia grouped into
        Somatic nervous system
        Its peripheral nerve fibers take sensory information from peripheral organs and carry them to the central nervous system.
        Or the motor nerve fibers exiting the brain take messages for movement and necessary action towards the skeletal muscles
        Autonomic nervous system
        Comprehensive
        It is associated with "the fight or flight reaction" it is directed away from digestion, increased heart rate, perspiration and increased salivation, Etc
        Parasympathetic
        It is responsible for the decrease in the heart rate and the contractile force of the heart, pupil contraction, stimulation of intestinal peristalsis, relaxation of the gastrointestinal sphincters, bronchoconstriction and relaxation of the urethral sphincter
        Enteric
        The nerve fibers that innervate the organs within the abdomen such as the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, the gallbladder etc. It contains almost 100 million nerves
  - Functions
    - Sensory
      - It is the one that perceives internal and external changes (stimuli), with receptors or sensitive organs
    - Integrative
      - It analyzes the sensory information and is the one that makes the decisions about the appropriate responses.
    - Motor
      - It provokes responses from the muscles of the human body or from the glands.
Musculoskeletal system
- it is the basic structure on which the rest of the organism rests. It constitutes the support in the movement
  - it is formed by
    - Bones
      - provide the body with a rigid structure and act as a shield to protect delicate internal organs, It is composed of proteins such as collagen, and a substance called hydroxyapatite, consisting mainly of calcium and other minerals
      - has two shapes flat and tubular
    - Muscles
      - Skeletal
        son los que se encargan de la postura y del movimiento, están unidos a los huesos y están dispuestos en grupos opuestos entre sí alrededor de las articulaciones.
      - Smooth
        controls functions of the body that are involuntary Triggers for smooth muscle contraction or relaxation depend on the body's needs
    - Tendons
      - They are strong bands of connective tissue composed mostly of collagen, firmly connecting each end of a muscle to a bone.
    - Joints
      - Are the joints between two or more bones and determines the degree and direction of movement possible
        synarthrosis
        they are immobile like the sutures of the skull
        Anfiartrosis
        are slightly mobile like the symphysis pubis
        Diartrosis
        are freely mobile like the shoulder joint
    - Ligaments
      - They surround the joints and join them together. They help to strengthen and stabilize the joints, allowing movement in certain directions. They are classified as :
        taped
        they pass from one bone to another without losing contact with the bone at any time
        Cordons
        ligaments that jump from one bone structure to the next.
  - Function
    - Allow movement, give flexibility to the body, support and protect the different organs of the body
  - This system is not autonomous and depends on the peripheral nervous system for the generation and coordination of movements.
Respiratoty system
- It is the set of organs that living beings have, in order to exchange gases with the environment
  - is made up of
    - Nostrils
      - These are two large cavities whose function is to allow the entry and exit of air, the air is moistened, filtered and heated through a structure called the cornet
    - Pharynx
      - The tubular structure is located in the neck and is lined with mucus; it connects the mouth and nostrils with the esophagus and larynx
    - Larinx
      - A tube that allows air to reach the trachea and lungs from the pharynx. The vocal cords in the larynx leave a space between them called the glottis.
    - Trachea
      - Allow air to pass between the larynx and bronchi. Its walls are reinforced by a set of C-shaped cartilage
    - Lungs
      - Organs whose function is to carry out the gaseous exchange with the blood. Within each lung, the bronchial tree divides progressively giving smaller and smaller branches.
    - Bronchus
      - Tubular fibrocartilaginous duct that carries air from the trachea to the bronchioles
    - Bronchiole
      - A tube that carries air from the bronchial tubes to the alveoli
    - Alveoli
      - They are shaped like small sacs, where they exchange gas with blood. Its wall is very thin because it is composed of a single layer of cells
  - Generality
    - The respiratory system exchanges gases, acid-base balance, phonation, defense and pulmonary metabolism, and the management of bioactive materials.
  - Functions
    - The main functions of the respiratory system are to obtain oxygen from the external environment, and to provide it to the cells, and to remove from the body the carbon dioxide produced by cell metabolism
      - Inhalation and exhalation are the pulmonary ventilation
        External breathing exchanges gases between the lungs and the bloodstream
        Internal breathing exchanges gas between the bloodstream and body tissues
        The air that makes the vocal chords vibrate creates sounds
        Olfaction, or smell, is a chemical sensation
It is an internal transport system that living beings use to move nutrients, metabolites, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and other substances within their bodies.
- Function
  - It is a transport system in which a muscular pump (the heart) provides the energy necessary to move the contents (the blood), in a closed circuit of elastic tubes.
- is made up of
  - Heart
    - The heart is a four-chamber organ made up of two atria and two ventricles.
      - The atria, after receiving blood from the pulmonary veins. the vena cava and the coronary sinus, discharge it into the ventricles
  - Arteries
    - conducts blood from the heart, they are classified into
      - Arteriolar
        regulate the distribution of blood to capillary
      - muscular
        distributors or intermediates
      - Elastics
        are conductive or large
        receive blood directly from the heart
  - Veins
    - They are divided into venules, intermediate and large
      - They have 3 concentric layers: tunica intimate, half and adventitia.
        cannot withstand high blood pressure
- Generalities
  - The heart acts as a pump that propels blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body
  - The unidirectional circulatory system carries blood to all parts of the body. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart and veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart
  - Twenty major arteries pass through the body's tissues where they branch into smaller vessels called "arterioles."
  - In the pulmonary circulation, however, the roles are reversed. The pulmonary artery is the one that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and the pulmonary vein the one that carries oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
  - Many of these capillaries are so thin that only one blood cell can pass through at a time. After supplying oxygen and nutrients and collecting carbon dioxide and other waste substances, capillaries lead blood into wider vessels called "venules."
Cardiovascular system