Reported speech

Reported speech

1. Is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words

2. Expressions used with

   • Say
     • Hello, good morning, something, nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/sure, etc.
   • Tell
     • the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, someone's fortune, etc.
   • Ask
     • A question, s favor, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/someone, etc.

3. Reported statements

   • Personal/possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives
     • Change according to the meaning of the sentence
       • Maria said "I'm going to.." -> Maria said (that) she was going to...
   • Up-to-date
     • Tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech
   • out-to-date
     • The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as follows
     • Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning
       • Now->then today->that day yesterday->the day before tomorrow->the next day this week->that week last week->the week before ago->before here->there come->go bring->take
   • The verb tenses remain the same in the reported speech when
     • The verb tenses can either change or remain the same when reporting a general truth or law of nature
     • :the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect.
       • Unreal past: would
         • With the following phrases: should, had better, could, used to , ought to, might.
           • The time of information being reported is not over yet: it's still the same day

4. Reported questions

   • Common introductory verbs: ask, inquire, wonder or with want to know
   • Same question word
     • What, when, how, who, where, etc.
       • "What time is it" he asked her-----> He asked her what time it was
   • begins with an auxiliary or a modal
     • Do, be, have, may,should, will, etc.
       • the reported questions is introduced with "if" or "whether"
         • Do you play hokey on saturdays?---->He asked me whether I played hokey on saturdays
   • yes/no short questions: subject appropriate auxiliary verb
     • Will you tell me? she said, "no" he said
       • she inquired him if he would tell her, but he said he wouldn't
   • questions tags are omitted in reported speech
     • but we can use the verb remind as an introductory verb
       • "This isn't the first time he has made this mistake, is it?------- she reminded me it wasn't the first time he had made that mistake

5. Indirect questions

   • To ask for advice or information
     • Introduced with: Could you tell me... I wonder.. I want to know... I doubt...
       • Question mark omitted: I want to know... I wonder... I doubt..
       • question words (what, where,who) or whether but NOT why, can be followed by an infinitive

6. Modals

   • "Shall I book a skiing trip"--- He asked me If he should book a skiing trip (advice)////Shall we go on holiday?--- he asked when we would go on holiday (information)
     • "They must have got delayed"---he said they must have got delayed (assumption)//// "You must respect nature"--- he said I had to respect the nature (obligation)
   • "I can't visit the national park"--- he said he couldn't visit the national park (present reference)//// "You can feed the animals later"---he said we would be able to feed the animals later (future reference)

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