Topic 18. Time location. Temporal Relations & Frequency.

Topic 18. Time location. Temporal Relations & Frequency.

1. Introduction

   • Definitions
     • TIME
     • TEMPORAL
     • FREQUENCY
   • AIM + Steps

2. ADVERBIALS AND PREPOSITIONS

   • Adverbials
     • most peripheral element in the clause
     • good deal of information
     • FUNCTIONS, Quirk
       • where/when
       • other accompanying circumstances
         • manner, cause, reason
   • Prepositions
     • relation btw 2 entities
       • prepositional complement related to smth else
     • Types of relational meaning
       • Space + Time
         • easiest
       • place adjunts
         • location of an event/situation
         • features of movement
           • source
           • path
           • distance
           • goal
       • time adjunts
         • temporal characteristics
           • location
           • extension in time
         • definite points vs limited periods

3. TIME, TEMPORAL RELATIONS & FREQUENCY

   • Characteristics temporal relations
     • POSITION
       • time when action takes place
     • DURATION
       • temporal measure
         • forward span
         • backward span
     • FREQUENCY
       • How often?
       • Concerned with specified/implied span of time
       • Adverbials
         • indefinite frequency
           • often, rarely, seldom
         • definite frequency
           • annually, twice a week, once
   • Grammatical basis
     • Noun Phrase
       • position, duration, frequency
     • Prepositional Phrase
       • semantic roles
         • time position
         • forward
         • backward
         • duration
         • frequency
     • wh-clause
     • adverbs
   • POSITION OF TIME ADJUNCTS
     • VARIABLE
       • Depends on: ORIENTATION
     • ORIENTATION FORWRD/ BACKWARD
     • Span in time
       • up to, so far, during, for, while, lately
     • ORDER ADVERBIALS
       • TIME DURATION, TIME FREQUENCY, TIME POSITION
     • Position regarding tenses
   • Adv, Prep, Prep phrases: TIME LOCATION
     • AT
       • points of time + holidays
       • periods as points of time
     • ON
       • days
       • exceptional use
         • part of the day/ specific date
     • IN
       • periods longer/shorter than a day
       • span in the future
       • vs AGO
         • span back
     • Denoting duration
       • DURING
         • point/period
       • OVER, THROUGH, THROUGHOUT
       • FOR
         • How often?
         • in idiomatic expressions
     • Adverbial phrases
       • FROM...TO, FROM...TILL, FROM... UP TO
       • BETWEEN... AND
         • 2 periods mentioned
     • Conjunction
       • BEFORE, AFTER, SINCE, TILL, UNTIL
       • 3 grammatical structures
         • temporal noun-phrase
         • subjectless -ing clause
         • noun phrase + deverbal noun
   • ABSENCE OF PREPOSITION IN TEMPORAL EXPRESSIONS
     • no prep/adv in sentence BUT
       • EXPRESSION OF TIME
     • Time adverbial takes form of
       • noun phrase
     • 3 categories
       • point in time expression
         • at, on, in, before, since
       • frequency expressions
       • the expression of duration