Topic 20. Auxiliary and Modal Verbs.

Topic 20. Auxiliary and Modal Verbs.

1. Introduction

   • "The worst tendency of man is not to think about something ind depth when he has no doubts about it; this is the cause of most mistakes", John Stuart Mill
     • continuous mistakes by intermediate students
     • identify English w/ Spanish
   • AIM + Steps
   • Meanings by vbs. forms
     • Except 'be' - 5
     • Auxilaries HELP
       • BE, DO, HAVE
       • MODAL AUX. VBS
         • will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to
           • add meaning
           • certainty/obligation

2. AUXILIARY VERBS

   • TO BE
     • Forms
       • Base
       • Present
       • Past
       • -ing form
       • Past Participle
     • USES
       • FULL VERB
         • Presence in the perceived reality, to exist/live
         • Copular intransitive vb. Relationship of equivalence/identity
           • Sometimes followed by 'be'. Eg. seem
         • Physical/ Mental state
         • Possessive + noun + to be
           • tener + article + noun
         • Adv. complement = location in space
         • Express age
           • mistake: tener
         • Size and weight
         • Express distance
           • Haber
         • Price
         • It + be for weather conditions
       • AUXILIARY VERB
         • Form progressive/continuous form
           • to be + present participle -ing
             • estar + gerund
         • Form present/past perfect
           • Vbs of motion
         • Voice auxiliary
           • Form PASSIVE VOICE
             • Transitive voice
       • MODAL SEMI AUX VB.
         • Forms
           • am to, is to, are to...
         • cannot be preceded by other vbs
         • different forms x nº + person
         • USES
           • present tense x FUTURE EVENTS / PART OF ARRANGEMENT
           • past tense
             • events that took place later than the time referred to
               • mark FUTURE in past
             • fate/destiny
           • Past/ Present forms
             • what is reasonable, possible, advisable
           • present tense to
             • give command
             • request interrogative form
   • TO HAVE
     • Forms
       • Base
       • Present
       • Past
       • -ing form
       • Past Participle
     • USES
       • FULL VERB
         • Syntactic variation
           • Combines w/ to do
           • acts as an OPERATOR
         • Dynamic senses
           • Receive, obtain
           • Experience, meet
           • Take// Common phrases
           • possession, relationship, health
           • Causative + -ed
           • To have + obj + vb
             • cause/ experience actions and events
         • :( / ?
           • used w/ to do
         • stative senses
           • haven't, haven't got, don't have
       • AUXILIARY VB
         • Perfective aspect
       • MODAL OF OBLIGATION
         • similar to MUST
           • self-obligation
         • external obligation
         • gotta - AmE
   • TO DO
     • Forms
       • Base
       • Present
       • Past
       • -ing form
       • Past Participle
     • USES
       • FULL VERB
         • refer any kind of activity
         • work and jobs
         • informal structure do ...ing
           • activities repeated
         • fixed expressions
         • MAKE VS DO
           • MAKE = material
           • DO = intellectual
       • AUXILIARY
         • MAKE ? AND :(
           • present simple
         • :( IMPERATIVE
         • Emotive/ Contrastive emphasis
         • ? TAGS
       • VERBAL SUBSTITUTE
         • goes after auxiliary

3. MODAL AUXILIARY

   • Often used bf infinitives + add certain kinds of meaning
     • certainty, obligation, freedom to act
   • GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
     • no -s in 3rd p.
     • ?, :(, tags, short answers
       • no use 'to do'
       • inversion subject & operator
     • modal vb + bare infinitive
     • not have infinitive, participles, nor past, future forms
     • contracted forms - informal
     • shan't/mayn't - BrE
   • GROUPS
     • Degree of certainty
       • Complete certainty
         • shall/ must/ will
       • Probability/possibility
         • should/ought to
       • Weak probability
         • may/might/could
       • Conditional certainty/Possibility
         • wouldn't/ couldn't
     • Obligation, freedom to act, similar ideas
       • Polite request, suggestions, invitations, instructions
         • Strong obligation
           • will/need
         • Prohibition
           • May not/ Can't
         • Weak obligation/Recommendation
           • Should/Have better
         • Willingness, volunteering, resolving, insisting, offering
           • Shall/Pay
         • Permission
           • Can/May
         • Absence of obligation
           • needn't
         • Ability
           • Can

4. MARGINAL MODALS/ SEMI-AUX EXPRESSIONS

   • Marginal
     • Dare/Need/Ought to/Used to
   • Semi-aux expressions
     • Be able to/Be about to/ Be apt to/Be bound to/ Be due to/ Be going to/ Be likely to/ Be supposed to/ Be meant, Be obliged to, Be willing to