Chapter #4

Chapter #4

1. Semantics

   • Study the meaning of the words.
   • Understand expression
   • The element of reality.
   • subfields of Semantics
     • lexical Semmantics: deals with the meaning of words and the meaning relationship between words.
     • Semantics Semantics: Dealing with the meaning of syntactic units large than the word
     • Pragmatics: The study of how context affects meaning (Speech)
       • 1.- It is the study of how language is used in context.
       • 3.- Linguistic Context: it is everything that has been pronunced in the speech before or together with pronoun. Situational Context: Refers to the particular spatio-temporal situation.
       • 4.- They are implications that are often felt in the background and assumed by the speaker that they are already known to the recipient. Example: He has stopped loving me (it is assumed) he loved me (An idea that must be true so that the statement from wich the presupposition is derived is also true.)
       • 5.- The speech act theory describes how it is done. It tells us how people use language to do those things.
   • The word is the fundamental unit of communication.
   • - Synonymous, - Antonym, - Polysemic, - Homonyms, - homophones, - Metaphor.
   • Sentential Semantics
     • 1.-Antecedent
     • 2.-Taulogy: The number of sentence that are in fact always true regardless of the circumstance because the truth of them is guaranteed. Contradiction: The phrases that are always false.
     • 3.-One sentences implies another if whenever the first sentences is true, The second is also true in all conceivable circumstances.
     • 4.- Is the real object the communication message refers. Example; Johana tells her friend Elisa on the phone: I invite you to come to my birthday party on Sunday at the one in the afternoon. Reference: The invitation to Johana's birthday party.
     • 5.-When sentences are both true and false.
     • 6.- When the phrases have more than one encounter.
     • 7.- Lexical Ambiguity: It is arises when at least one word in a sentence has more than one meaning. Structural Ambiguity: Reveals that the meaning of linguistic expression is built on yhe words it contains and on its syntactic structure, it is the result of an ambiguous sentence structure.
     • 8.- The notion that the meaning of an expression is made up of the meaning of its parts and how they are structurally combined is called the principle of compositionality.
     • It becomes a metaphor when it appears to be an anomaly, yet it is understood in terms of a meaningful concept there is no hard line between anomalous and metaphorical expression example: 1.- He is a shining star 2.- Your golden hair 3.-the hair of the sea