Unit 5: Cause and Effect.

Unit 5: Cause and Effect.

1. Reading

   • Scholarly article
     • A scholarly article follows a certain academic process and format to be published.
     • Basic format
       • Journal information, article's title, author and affilition, and the article's summary.
     • Sections
       • Introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusion
     • How to make the scholarly article's APA reference
       • Author's surname, name's initial. (Year). Title. Journal (in italics), volume (number), first page-last page.
   • Linking words of cause and effect
     • For complete sentences
       • Therefore, /Consequently, /As a result
         • Many people use offensive insults referring to the LGBT+ community. Therefore, homophobia becomes normalized.
       • so
         • White people despise Latinos, so they are xenophobic people.
     • For noun phrases
       • causes/ results in / is the reason for
         • Theft on public transport results in insecurity.
       • Because of / As a result of
         • Because of the ongoing femicides, women continue to protest for more security.
     • This type of words are used in cause and effect paragraphs, we have to be careful with the use of periods and commas before and after the words.

2. Conditionals

   • Real
     • Real conditionals express that there is a possibility that the situation will happen.
     • Structure
       • If-clause
         • If + subject + verb + complement
           • Verb in present simple.
       • Dependent clause
         • Subject + verb + complement
           • For the zero conditional
             • Verb in present simple or in infinitive form.
             • For facts, advices and rules or premises.
               • If you go to school, wear mask all the time.
           • For the first conditional
             • We use modal verbs before the main verb
             • For possible results, advices or recommendations.
               • If you run a red light, the police could arrest you.
   • Unreal
     • Unreal conditionals express that the situation is impossible or imaginary.
     • Structure
       • If-clause
         • If + subject + verb + complement
           • Verb in past tense, we never use "would" in this part but it's okay to use "could".
       • Dependent clause
         • Subject + verb + complement
           • For the second conditional we never use "will" before the main verb, we use "would" or "could".
           • For hypothetical situations or advices
             • You would face costly fines.I iyou possess firearms without authorization,
   • These structures integrate an if-clause and a dependent clause to create a condition that has an effect, if the if-clause comes first, a comma is used.