CLAUSE

CLAUSE

1. A group of words that contain a

   • Verb - Finite
     • INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
       • Simple sentence
         • 1 clause + 1 finite verb
       • Compound sentence
         • MAIN CLAUSE + LINK + MAIN CLAUSE
           • joined by a coordinating conjunction
             • and: no contrast or choice / more than 2 clauses
             • but: contrast
             • or / either: positive choice
             • nor / neither: negative choice
             • yet: suprising contrast
     • DEPENDENT CLAUSE
       • Complex sentence
         • Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + Subordinate clause (dependent)
         • Adverbial clauses
           • used as adverbials in the main clause
             • time
             • place
             • manner
             • reason
             • purpose
             • result
             • contrast
         • Relative clauses
           • Postmodifier in a noun phrase
             • introduced by a relativizer / relative pronoun (liking and grammatical function)
               • WHO
               • WHOM
               • WHOSE
               • THAT
             • can be DEFINING or NON-DEFINING
         • Conditional clauses
           • Type 1
             • Main clause WILL, CAN, MAY or MIGHT + base form of a main verb
               • IF-CLAUSE Simple Present
                 • Some doubt whether the referred future will be achieved
                 • Present + present: Universal truths
                 • Imperative + Present: Advice or orders
                 • Modal verb + Present progressive or Simple present: Make suggestions
           • Type 2
             • Main clause WOULD, COULD or MIGHT + base form of a main verb
               • IF-CLAUSE Simple Past tense
                 • Giving advice about what someone should do
           • Type 3
             • Main clause WOULD, COULD or MIGHT + HAVE + Past Participle of a main verb
               • IF-CLAUSE Past Perfect tense
                 • Excuses and recriminations or giving an explanation
         • Peripheral clauses
           • Reporting clauses
             • Introduces someone's direct speech or thought
           • Tag clauses
             • Loosely attached to the end of a clause
             • Question tags
             • Declarative tags
         • Complement clauses
           • Noun or nominal clauses
             • Syntactic role as a noun
               • Subject
               • Object
               • Predicative
             • Introduced by
               • WH word
                 • usually fill the subject, object or adverbial
               • that
         • Comparative clauses
           • Complements in an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase, with a gradable word as head
   • Verb - Non-finite
     • Usually forms a DEPENDENT CLAUSE embedded in a complex sentence
       • can be
         • Infinitive clauses
           • Syntactic roles
             • Subject
             • Extraposed subject
             • Subject predicative
             • Direct object
             • Object predicative
             • Adverbial
             • Noun complement
             • Noun postmodifier
             • Part of an adjective phrase
         • Ing-clauses
           • syntactic roles
             • Subject
             • Extraposed subject
             • Subject predicative
             • Direct object
             • Adverbial
             • Complement of a preposition
             • Noun postmodifier
         • Ed-participle clauses
           • syntactic roles
             • Direct object
             • Adverbial
             • Noun postmodifier
       • The non-finite form signals the subordination
       • Typically begins the clause
       • Most have no subject
     • No tense or modality

2. Chief elements

   • Subject
   • Verb phrase
   • Object
   • Predicative
   • Adverbial

3. 4 BASIC SPEECH-ACT FUNCTIONS

   • Declarative (statements)
   • Interrogative (questions)
   • Imperative (directives)
   • Exclamative

4. Negative

   • Negative particle NOT inserted after the OPERATOR
     • OPERATOR: verb used for clause negation or for forming questions
       • First auxiliary verb in the verb phrase
       • Copula BE
       • Auxiliary verb DO