distinctive landscapes

distinctive landscapes

1. landscapes

   • visible features, make up surface of land
   • natural (physical) and man made factors
   • uplands, eg Grampians or Pennines, N and W, mountainous
     • lowlands, flat/rolling, eg Cotswolds and S Downs, S
   • geology
     • permeability and hardness
       • eg Chalk or Granite
   • glaciation
     • scoured landscapes/ wear away
       • eg. Lake district, N and wales
     • Arétes, pyramid peaks, corries

2. climate and weathering

   • uplands, more weathering. high precipitation, freezing temps = rivers, erosion. landslips/rockfalls.
   • mech = freze-thaw, chem = acid, bio = root
   • erosion
     • geomorphic, hydraulic, attrition, solution, abrasion
   • transportation
     • suspension, traction, saltation, solution deposition.

3. Holderness Coastline

   • Discordant (perpendicular) = headlands and bays/ Flamborough, Selwick's (differential erosion)
     • chalk and till/boulder clay
   • caves, arches, stacks, stumps
     • hydraulic, abrasion weathering
   • spit, Spurn head
     • Yorkshire coast, 4.8km (3miles) long from Humber Estuary
     • longshore drift (shingle/sediment)
   • climate
     • warmer summer =bio weathering, stormy winters = erosion, winter =freeze thaw
   • human activity
     • Hornsea = Groynes stop longshore
     • Eastington = Rock Armour, absorb wave enrrgy
     • Mappleton = 2x rock groynes,
     • Withernsea = groynes + sea wall, reflect waye energy,

4. River Tees

   • influence of climate
     • upper = pre > evapo +2000mm impermeable bed, runoff + erosion
     • upper = Freeze-thaw
   • influence of Goemorphic
     • waterfall = High Force. igneous dolerite carboniferous limestone (hydraulic, abrasion) 700m gorge
     • Meander = Yarm (mid) differential erosion, river cliff, slip off slope
     • Ox Bow lake = Hydraulic + abrasion, narrow neck, flood, break, cut off
     • Floodplain = low, floods, friction, deposition, alluvium builds up
     • Levées = croft-on-tees low, floods, deposition
   • influence of human activity
     • Cow green Reservoir 1967-1971, supply industry on Teesside, regulation, released
     • Yarm flood defence, in Meander bend, £2.1m Defence system, hydro and abrasion
     • dredging, improves navigation, deep water channel, increase discharge, more erosion/ transportation
     • cutting meanders, faster, more erosion/transportation