FATIMAH’S SOFT BONES

FATIMAH’S SOFT BONES

1. Hip joint

   • Articulations
     • Acetabulum
     • Head of femur
     • Stability ligaments
       • Iliofemoral
       • Pubofemoral
       • Ischiofemoral
       • Transverse acetabular
       • Foveolar
   • Femoral triangel
     • Contains
       • Femoral nerve
       • Femoral artery
       • Femoral vein
       • Inguinal deep nodes
   • Obturator nerve
     • Origin
       • Lumbar plexus ( L2,L3,L4 )
     • Both sensory and motor supply to the medial compartment of thigh

2. Muscles of the gluteal region

   • Superficial
     • Gluteus maximus
       • Largest muscle in the body
       • Extension of the thigh at the hip joint
     • Gluteus medius
       • Safe site for IM injection
       • Abduction and medial rotation
     • Gluteus minimus
   • Deep
     • Piriformis
       • Important anatomical landmark
     • Superior gemellus
     • Obturator internus
     • Inferior gemellus
     • Quadratus femoris
     • Lateral rotators of the hip

3. Calcium regulation and control

   • Calcium
     • Calcium is a mineral which is highly abundant in our body
   • 3 factors that regulate the Ca
     • Vitamin D
       • Increasing its absorption from the intestines
       • Increasing reabsorption of ca+2 by the kidneys
     • PTH hormone
       • it increases Ca & PO4 release from bone
       • Increased reabsorption of Ca from the kidney
       • Indirect increase calcium absorption by activation of vitamin D
     • Calcitonin
       • Decrease Ca levels
         • Inhibiting bone resorption
         • Increasing renal calcium excretion

4. Histology of bone tissue

   • 4 cells
     • Osteoprogenitor cells
       • Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
     • Osteoblasts
       • Main cells of bone tissue that secretes osteoid
     • Osteoclasts
       • Cells that work to remodel bone tissue ( bone eating ) cells
     • Osteocytes
       • Mature form of osteoblasts ( maintain the integrity of bone tissue )

5. Osteoporosis

   • It is a disorder in which a reduction in the bone mass and the associated structural changes lead to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures
   • Causes
     • Old age
     • Decreased physical activity
     • Genetics
     • Hormones

6. Fragility fractures

   • fractures that result from mechanical forces that would not ordinarily result in fracture
   • Causes
     • Osteoporosis
     • Cancer
     • Osteomyelitis

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