MEMORY encoding and storing and retrieving information

MEMORY encoding and storing and retrieving information

1. Models

   • Mult-store model of memory
     • one-way (linear) flow of information
     • Unitary, separate stores
     • Reseach
       • STM
         • encoding mainly acoustic
         • capacity- very limitted (e.g. 7+/- 2 chunks)
       • LTM
         • encoding mainly semantic
         • capacity- unlimited
         • Duration up to a lifetime
     • Evalutation
       • +ve: support from clinical case studies and laboratory experiments
       • -ve:too simplistic- stores not unitary and information flow not linear
     • Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
     • studies
       • sensory- Sperling (1960)
       • 2 separate store - Glanzer& Cunitz (1966)
       • Duration in STM- Peterson& Peterson (1959)
       • Duration in LTM- Bahrick (1975)
   • Working memory model
     • Reseach
       • Evidence to support existence of visuo-spatial and phonological loop
     • Evaluation
       • +ve: demonstrates that STM has more than one component explains how we can carry out more than cognitive task at a time.
       • -ve: capacity of central executive not quatified
     • Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
     • studies
       • Dual task processing in STM- Baddeley& Hitch (1974)
       • Phonological loop- Baddeley, Thomson& Buchanan (1975)
       • Visio-spatial scratchpad- Baddeley et al (1973)

2. Memory in life

   • Eyewitness testimony
     • Factors associated with inaccurate testimony
       • anxitety
       • Schema
       • Age
         • children give less complete testimony
         • Children more susceptible to misleading information
       • Misleading information
         • distortion of memory for witnessed event
         • Is orginal memory diluted or obscured?
     • Leading questions- subtle effects
     • Factors associated with accurate testimony
       • anxitety of witness in real-life situations
       • Serious consequences if testimony
       • Blatantly inaccurate misinformation
       • cognitive interviews
         • recreate context
         • report all details
         • recall events in different order
         • change perspective
     • studies
       • loftus & burns- anxity and EWT
       • weapon effect& EWT- loftus (1979)
       • Poole & Lindsay (2001), Cohen & Faulkner (1989)- Age and EWT
   • Strategies for improvement of memory
     • pay attention
     • Rehearse
     • organize
     • avoide interference
     • use cues, e.g. context
     • Mnemonics
       • Method of loci
       • peg word method
     • PQRST method for textbook study
     • Spaced (distributed) practice
     • studies
       • Bellezza (1996)- learning pegs
       • Ucros (1989)- mood dependance
       • McGeoch&MacDonald- The efffects of interference

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