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Stonehenge

Demián Leonardi Inglês

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Stonehenge

Prehistoric stone circle monument on Salisbury Plain
presumably a religious site and an expression of the power and wealth of the chieftains, aristocrats, and priests who had it built
- Alledlegdly a healing centre. Whether it was used by the Druids (Celtic priests) is doubtful, but present-day Druids gather there every year to hail the midsummer sunrise
It was aligned on the Sun and possibly used for observing the Sun and Moon and working out the farming calendar.
The summer solstice is celebrated
Stonehenge was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BCE, during the transition from the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age) to the Bronze Age.
The name of the monument probably derives from the Saxon stan-hengen, meaning “stone hanging” or “gallows.”
CELTS
- The Britons- Celts or Gauls- were the Indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age until the High Middle Ages.
  - NOT a single unified state, the ancient Celts were connected by the Celtic language and marked similarities in art, modes of warfare, religion, and burial practices. Although the Celtic culture was absorbed within the Roman Empire from the 1st century BCE.
- RELIGION: POLYTHEISTIC •the reverence for sacred groves and other natural sites like rivers and springs. •offerings to gods such as foodstuffs, weapons, animal and (more rarely) human sacrifice. • belief in an AFTERLIFE: depositing of valuable and everyday goods in tombs • a belief in the protective power of totems, particularly animals like the stag and boar •CEREMONIES led by DRUIDS.
  - GODS: *Cernunnos, 'the horned god' who likely represented nature and fertility. *Lugus (known as Lugh in later periods) represented the sun and regarded as all-wise and all-seeing.
- SOCIETY: Lead by monarchs, chiefs or small councils of elders. Common threat from Romans. Some women were chiefs (e.g. Boudicca (d. 61 CE), queen of the Iceni tribe, who led a revolt of several tribes against the Roman occupation in 60 CE. * Loyalty though gift giving and Celtic feasts. *WOMAN could inherit
- WELFARE: *Elite protected the rest who provided a service in return (FEUDALISM in middle ages) *Courage in battle determined status. *Painted in blue for battle. *Battle: swords, shields, swords, war horns, chariots, axes, torc necklace
- ROMANS
  - *-Empire. The Caesar. Cleopatra. Polytheist. *Similarities with Greece. - Organized army, gladiators: worship war and worriers. - Social heriarquies. - All roads lead to Rome. Rome was not built in a day. - Conquerors. - Bacanales. Architecture, the roman bath, the city of bath. - Romulus and Remus. Two babies abandoned found by a she-wolf. Remus killed his brother and founded Rome. -Julius Cesar: was stabbed in the back by his best friend. - Coloseum: pan y circo. Throw him to the lions! - Christianity. - Patricians and plebeians. -Five common principles (the basis of Argentinian law).
  - *Early romans were FARMERS. * They thow out their king Tarquin and created a REPUBLIC. *They became conquerors
    - 55 BC: Julius Caesar invades Britain for the cooper and tin
      - 43 AC CLAUDIUS orders to invade again: farmland and minerals.
        Invaded by the beach of Kent, landed in Richborough
        Britons were frightnening warriors but badly equiped and disorganized
        ROMANS: Prof. warriors, well equipped: sandals, sub-ligura, Lorica (armour), Casius (helmet) dagger, sword, javelin, shield (30 kg)
        Battle formation: testudo, they also used elephants to invade Br.
  - SOCIETY
    - Citizens didn't have children they raised them
      - ADOPTIONS were common In order not to loose the family line
        To take control of inheritances
      - NURSE raised them to the puberty. She also a pedagogue
        Teaching of virtue was the goal also: -Reading and writing. -Classical authors and mythology. -
        SCHOOLS
        Roman ed. conferred prestige through study of RHETORIC
        Greek language and literature
        ADOLESCENCE
        At 12 completed ed.
        PUBERTY and SEX initiation were synonyms
        A time of INDULGENCE
        PUBLIC DISTURBANCES: GANGS raping prostitutes
        PATRICIDE
        Legal notion of "minor"
        every male child, past puberty remained under the authority of his father and did not become a Roman in the full sense of the word, a paterfamilias, until the father's death.
        fathers could disinherit their sons.
        a child had no fortune of his own: whatever he earned or inherited belonged to his father.
        Girls learnt to: sing, dance and play an instrument. By 14 they are woman.
    - YOUTH
  - ROMAN'S BATHS
    - Aquasulis: City of BATH
    - Used for business, gossip and rest.
    - Places where the water came out was regarded as sacred place. They took the goddess SULIS (CELTS) and created Sulis Minerva.
    - -Turkish bath. -Sauna. -Frigidarium.
  - Anglo Saxons
    - DIALECT: OLD ENGLISH.
      - Literature: BEOWULF
        Beowulf, heroic poem, the highest achievement of Old English literature and the earliest European vernacular epic.
        PLOT: Beowulf falls into two parts. in Denmark, King Hrothgar has a splendid mead hall -Heorot, Grendel, an evil monster living in a nearby swamp. For 12 years the creature terrorizes Heorot with nightly visits in which he carries off Hrothgar’s warriors and devours them. Beowulf, a prince of the Geats , arrives offers to rid Heorot of its monster. Second part: older Beowulf fights a dragon and dies.
        VIKINGS
        Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century
        pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors and farmers
        SOCIETY: made up of landowning chieftains and clan heads. -three classes: jarls(rulers), karls(workers), and thralls(slaves. "THING (assembly)": to settle disputes, elect leaders, and carry out other legislative business and sometimes trade
        NORMAN CONQUEST the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy
        EDWARD the confesor- chastity- went to France and named WILLIAM I (Norman) his succesor
        WITAN (council of nobleman) chose HAROLD as succesor
        HAROLD fought HARDRARA (king of DENMARK)
        After that William attacked HAROLD and conquered Engl (BATTLE OF HASTINGS- TAPESTRY)
        William replaced nobility w/ norman nobility/brought french lang. -Buildt the TOWER of LoNDON
        FEUDALISM (1000-1300AD)
        how society was organized during the middle ages
        Social heriarquiers: -kings -lords -knights -peasants
        King parcelled out large states to lords (tenants in chief) in exchange of military and political support
        King (overlord) > lord (vassal)
        Dissapeared
        Kings relied on proff. paid soldiers instead of their lords
        Black Death (1348) Reduced the population able to work the land
        Groth of towns and trade
        Growth of middle classes
        Bond of loyalty
        "comitatus" (anglo-saxons)
        LAW: Barons hold court for their men. LAW was in private hands. -Church could also hold court
        GREAT COUNCIL: summoned 3-4 times a year to discuss import. subj. AS a court of feudal law
        JUSTICE: SHERIFF
        TOWER OF LONDON: famous prisoners
        Thomas Moore/ Elizabeth I
        Traitor's gate
        William buildt the WHITE TOWER
        WILLIAM HAD 9 KIDS
        MATILDA
        Henry II
        Disliked supremacy of POPE/ power of the church
        1864: Constitution of Clarendon
        restrict the church and pope pwer
        The ARCHBISHOP of Canterburry Thomas Becket got offended
        The king got fed up and killed Becket inside the cathedral: Sanctuary
        King begged for forgiveness and B. became a Martir
        SONS: Richard I Lionheart John Lackland
        Called scholars to study in OXFORD
        MANNOR: economic system, adm. the land
        CHIVALRY
        knightly class of feudal times
        gallantry and honour expected from knights
        COURT of CHIVALRY Edward III had jurisdiction in casses against knights
        Crusades
        religious war. Church tried to conquer Jerusalem from muslim rule.
        VIRGIN MARY (ideal woman)
        CODE: -BRAVERY -LOYALTY TO LORD -NEVER LIE - MORAL CODE
        RICHARD LIONHEART
        once he teard the heart of a lion
        Most of his time fighting in the crusades
        DIED
        JOHN LACKLAND
        Cruel and tracherous
        MAGNACARTA: Barons came together to ask for changes from the king
        John signed it for 3 months but wetn back on his ideas
        STABLISHED:
        -Church obeys the pope not the king. -Trials before punishinments. - King couldn't punish lords: consult a council. -Law above the king. -Council of 25 barons: check the king.
        ROBIN HOOD
        legendary outlaw hero of a series of English ballads
        enemy was the Sheriff of Nottingham
        Robin treated women, the poor, and people of humble status with courtesy
        EDWARD I -The hammer of the Scotts
        Model parliament: 2 knights, 2 bourgeoises from each town. At first, they weren’t part of the parliament. This is the first trace of the house of commons.
        the first who made his first son prince of wales. He defeated a rebellion on Wales.
        WILLIAM WALLACE
        In 1296 King Edward I of England imprisoned the Scottish king John de Balliol and declared himself ruler of Scotland
        Sporadic resistance had already occurred when, in May 1297, Wallace and a band of some 30 men burned Lanark and killed its English sheriff
        December 1297, Wallace was elected or assumed the title of guardian of the kingdom. In the name of King John de Balliol, then a prisoner in London, Wallace reorganized the army and regulate the affairs of the country
        1305, Wallace was arrested near Glasgow by treachery. He was brought before King Edward. Wallace was condemned to death. There was no trial because he was declared a traitor to the king; Wallace emphatically denied this charge, as he had never sworn allegiance to Edward. That same day he was hanged, disemboweled, and finally beheaded and quartered at Smithfield. His head was set on London Bridge and his limbs exposed at Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth. In 1306 Bruce raised the rebellion that eventually won independence for Scotland.
        CHAUCER'S TIME
        Middle English became the standard English, the English spoken in universities and cities from commercial powers. Language is connected to political power
        Dark Ages: Science stop advancing, because of the power of the church.
        Wealthy but no aristocrat. 3 social division were desapearing: aristocracy, clergy and peasants
        Court connections, wrote for the court
        THE WORLD
        People didn not travel, all farmers.
        TRAVELLERS: Scholars, chantry priests, artisits, pilgrims
        WAR WITH FRANCE
        - more taxes. - foreign travel -war is savage. -
        Erosion of chivalry
        Mercenaries appeared
        BLACK DEATH
        1/3 of the world died: economic chaos, high prices, no farmers.
        PUNISHMENT FROM GOD
        RISE OF FRANKLINS: wealthy landowners
        CATHOLIC CHURCH
        Centres of learning. Chuch had a lot of power and land, 1/3 of Bri
        Collected taxes
        Chuchmen were corrupt
        Reform: anybody could comm with god
        JOHN WYCLIF challenged the payment of revenue by the church to the papacy
        TRANS SUBSTATION
        translated the bible to English
        PEASANTS REVOLT
        Criticism of oppressive church authoroty
        John ball rebel priest
        1370: influenced by Dante, wants to write in the vernacular in english
        WRITING: description of every day life, apretiation of nature.
        WITAN>COUNCIL>PARLIAMENT>HOUSE of COMMON (LAW) and LORDS
        ‘Danelaw’. This was a treaty designed to divide England. The Danes were to take control of the north and east, with Alfred and the Anglo-Saxons taking Kent, West Mercia and their original kingdom of Wessex. Although the proceeding years would be far from completely peaceful (the Danish still made regular raids into Anglo-Saxon territory), a sense of normality and security was restored in Anglo-Saxon Britain.
    - The seven kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex.
    - RELIGION: PAGANS
      - Beliefe in afterlife- deads buried with goods (SUTTON HOO TREASURE)
        Found: war equipment, gold coins, silver dish, helmets, a boat,
    - SOCIETY ORGANISATION: -the king and members of the royal family, -the nobility, -bishops and warriors -workers -slaves
      - -TRIBAL KINGSHIP -Farmers and warriors -Raided lands
        Collapse of Roman E. : opportunity to acquire land
      - Social mobility was difficult. You had to have wealth and favour.
        DOOMSDAY BOOK: record of anglo-saxon economy
        WOMAN
        depended on husband - father
    - Saxons: Germany and ANGLES: DANES
    - KING ARTHUR
      - legendary British king part of medieval romances (known as the Matter of Britain) as the sovereign of a knightly fellowship of the Round Table.
        based on Arthur led Welsh resistance to the West Saxon advance. He was a war leader of the Romano-British who won an important battle against the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century
      - Ambrosius Aurelianus

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Descrição: Mapa Mental sobre Stonehenge, criado por Demián Leonardi em 09-07-2023.
Criado por: Demián Leonardi · jul 2023
Atualizado: 10 jul 2023
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Stonehenge

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