Bowlby (1969)

Bowlby (1969)

1. Contradicting

   • Rutter (1995)
     • all attachments are integrated into one single working model
     • all attachment figures are equally important
   • Kagan (1984)
     • temperant hypothesis
       • certain personality characteristics of the infant shape a mother's responsiveness
   • Thomas and Chess (1977)
     • three infant personalities
       • easy, difficult, slow to warm up
   • Belsky and Rovine (1987)
     • link between infant behaviours and later attachment type
       • calmer infants were more likely to be insecurely attached
   • Nachmias (1996)
     • no association between early temperant and attachment strength

2. Supporting

   • Lorenz (1952)
     • Goslings imprinted on human when raised from birth (imprinting)
   • Hodges and Tizard (1989)
     • 65 children instutionalised at 4 months
       • formed no attachments in later life (continuity hypothesis)
   • Tronick et al (1992)
     • monotropy in African Efe when raised and breastfed by many but slept with mother
   • Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
     • infants formed attachments to those who fulfilled social releasers and formed many attachments but one significant attachment
   • Sroufe et al (2005)
     • continuity hypothesis, relation between early attachments and later behaviour in longitudinal study