Mapa mental

POPULATION

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POPULATION

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
- Population has changed dramatically
- More than a 50% increase in the last 50 years
- In the next 50 years it will doubleagain to almost 12.5 billion
- Problems
  - over-crowding
  - resulting in shortages of food
  - destroy woodland to build houses
- Shows no sign of slowing down
- Most of the population gowth in LEDCs
- Most rich countries have stable populations
  - EXPONENTIAL
NATURAL INCREASE, BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
- Natural increase in the population
  - Birth rate is greater than death rate
    - (more births than deaths in a population)
- Natural decrease in the population
  - Death rate is greater than birth rate
    - (more deaths than babies are born)
- Smaller population
  - death rate higher than birth rate
    - this balance changed by Migration
- Larger population
  - birth rate higher than death rate
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
- Simply means population, and transition relates to change
- Model proposes what should happen to a population over time and how it should CHANGE
- Rate of Natural Increase
  - much higher in developing countries
    - many countries in MEDCs are actually experiencing population decline
- Birth rates
  - Ethiopia
    - 1. Cultural or religious beliefs 2. Lack of contraception 3. Parents have lots of children to compesate 4. Children work on the land
  - China
    - a) increased acess to contraception b) less need c) less workers d) less children
- Death rates
  - Ethiopia
    - High due to disease, Famine poor diet and hygiene, little medical
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
- is a graph that allows us to see the gender and age structure of population
  - Rapid Growth or Youthful Population
    - LEDCs have a triangular shaped pyramid
    - grow rapidly as many more children are added to the population tha people die
  - Slow Growth
    - most MEDCs have a space rocket shape
    - populations are stable and aregrowing slowly as the number of young is just above the number of people dying
  - Declining or Ageing population
    - some MEDCs actually have declining populations
    - increased emigration may also be a contributor to a declining population
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATIONS
- Urbanisation
  - rural to urban emigration
  - impact upon the birth and death rates of a country
  - deaths rates fall in urban areas becouse it is cheaper
  - more economics to provide medical and education services
- Aglicultural change
  - produce more food
  - need lots of workers and tends to promote high birth rates
  - supply of food from avanced farming
- Education
  - increase people tend to have fewer children
    - can focus their resources in improving the life chances of those few children
- Emancipation of women
  - women have time free to work
  - a demographic consequence
    - delayed child bearing age
DEPENDENCY RATIOS
- is a mathematical sum
- allows governments to judge how many people of working age they have relative
  - to how many people are said to be DEPENDENT
- dependent person is who cannot maintain their well being
- dependent groups included some disabled people
- 2 working age people there is only 1 dependent person
YOUTHFUL POPULATIONS
- the past 200 years of population growth has been rapid
  - ts pace is quickeing
    - limited resources relative to a growing population
      - Positive things
        there are lots of potential workers for the future
        don't have adequate economic activities
      - Negative things
        high depency
        few adults to provide for their needs
      - Solutions
        expand school enrolments,especially for girls
        enact and enforce lows to prevent early marriage (before age 18)
        bring the jo market into the 21st century
        expand and reinvigorate family planning programs
        encourage young people participation in public life
AGEING POPULATIONS
- increase in the median
- people living to old age
- increasing life expectancies and decreasing numbers of children
- is common many MEDC,
  - having to deal with the consequences
    - social
    - economic
    - political
- people living longer becous they have had more wealth, diets,medical and medicines
- consequences can be both positive and negative
  - Opportunities
    - living longer and enjoying longer
      - younger retired people contribute lots to the economy. They have money and are good consumers
        retired people do voluntary work in schools and for charities FREE
        retired grandparents are fulfilling chil care roles. Parents work and contribute to the economy
  - Issues
    - old people have particular needs that mean they need other people to do things for them
      - visit their doctor, country has to find money to pay for this care
        there is not enough money to pay the pensions
        the bill for social care is also increasing
        maintaining a dignified quality of life is also a big moral issue
        less people of working age means a lower number of workers= the economy shrinks and Tax base of the country also shinks
MIGRATION
- is the movement of population from one area to another
- some migrations are
  - forced
    - no option, during a war or natural disasters
  - voluntary
    - choose, for economic reasons or social reasons
  - permanet
  - temporary
  - international
    - within a country
  - regional
    - cross borders
- Pull factors
  - want to migrate
- Push factors
  - es somebody move from a place
MIGRATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
- huge amount of international migration
- Europeans moving to other Europen countries
- if you are a resident you are free to choose to live and work in any of the EU states
- Europe is also a very popular destination
- migrants who are persecuted are known as asylum seekers
- most migrants are
  - ECONOMIC
MIGRATION FROM OUTSIDE OF THE EU
- Europe needs migration because of falling birth rates
- some migrants are refugees
- this can cause problems of language