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1. Forgetting - two theories: decay = fading of a memory trace over time, interference = memory trace disrupted by another material, more interpolated events lead to more forgetting (retro=later learning, pro=previous)

2. Consolidation of memories = process lasting several hours/days to fix it into the LTM, temporarily stored in HC to create memory trace then transferred to the cortex

3. Amnesia: anterograde = no new memories after a period, retrograde = no new memories for a period before something, e.g. HM's surgery

4. Dementia: general loss of function, progressive and irreversible, hallmark = memory loss caused by progressive cell death

   • Symptoms: aphasia (lang deficit), apraxia (motor memory), agnosia (sensory memory), abstract thinking/EF impairment
   • Types = degenerative - degree of genetic cause, e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. non-degenerative - diverse origin, e.g. Korsakoff's syndrome

5. Alzheimer's:

   • Stages: early - need reminders, routine difficulties, had to concentrate, loss of recent memories, mid - may need care, gets lost, changes in personality, late - severe confusion, personal care, may not recognise anyone
   • Memory impairment = difficulty retaining new info, retrieval deficits, personal/episodic memory impairment (what not how)
     • EF impairment = planning, predicting, correlating, abstracting
   • Language deficits = list generation trouble, naming stuff, verbal fluency, less complex sentence structure
   • Visuo-spatial impairment = recognises faces, getting lost
   • Cortical degeneration = in entorhinal cortex, cell loss may explain early memory problems, affects the = limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, posterior parietal cortex

6. Episodic memory = recollection of where/when events in own life, attached to a specific episode

7. Semantic memory = person's knowledge of the word, including: facts, skills, scripts, schemas

8. Evidence for two different memory systems:

   • Semantic dementia - intact ABM, e.g. Hodges - ppts must produce factual info from 3 stages of life and relate to event - scored - semantic impaired, ABM spared, also trouble describing definitions
   • Patient KC - motorbike accidence, couldn't produce memories from photographs but recognised people, could play chess but not remember playing it