A2: Migration, Causes, Streams & Impacts (i)

A2: Migration, Causes, Streams & Impacts (i)

1. Economic

   • Lack of jobs, low wages, uncertain future and lack of promotional opps. - PUSH
   • Rural areas - restructuring and mechanisation - reduced job opps. so young people move elsewhere - PUSH
   • Eastern Europeans to UK - economic migration
   • Job opps. and higher wages attract in-migration - PULL
   • 50,000 Polish immigrants to UK in 2005

2. Social

   • Desire to join family who have already moved - PULL
   • Men make intital decision, when he is established, family will join
   • Students move to cities for third level education - PULL usually becomes a permanent move

3. Cultural

   • Lack of religious, linguistic or cultural freedom - PUSH
   • Existence of clusters of people of similar culture or religion - PULL

4. Environmental

   • Desertification - move for better farming land - PUSH
   • Global warming - raises sea level - PUSH if you live at coasts/ low lying areas
   • High levels of pollution - PUSH

5. Barriers of Migration

   • Potential migrants must overcome a number of real and perceived obstacles before the move is made
   • COST - transportation, buy a house, enough money to sustain themselves until job is secured
   • Severing family and friendship ties
   • Differences in culture and language
   • Laws regarding womans dress e.g. muslim countries
   • International migration : Gov. policies may en/discourage