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Science EOY

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Science EOY

Chemistry
- Atomic Structure and Electrons
  - At the centre of an atom is a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
  - The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number
  - The number of protons in the atom of an element determines its place in the Periodic Table. The number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons.
  - Electronic configuration = 2,8 etc.
  - Protons = Electrons
  - Neutrons = Atomic Number-Protons
- Periodic Table
  - The chemical elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
  - Group = Number of electrons on the outershell
  - Period = Number of shells
- Ions and Ionic Bonding
  - Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
  - Metal+Non Metal
  - Group 1= +1 Group 2= +2 Group 3= +3 Group 4= 0 Group 5= -3 Group 6= -2 Group 7= -1
  - Atoms with a full outer shell tend to be unreactive-Atoms try to have a full outer shell
- Covalent Bonding
  - A covalent bond is formed between non metal atoms, which combine together by sharing electrons. Covalent compounds have no free electrons and no ions so they don't conduct electricity.
  - CH4
- Metallic Bonding
  - The particles in a metal are held together by metallic bonds.
  - Metallic bonds are strong and a lot of energy is needed to break them. This is why metals have high melting points and boiling points.
  - Metals contain electrons that are free to move in the metal structure, carrying charge from place to place and allowing metals to conduct electricity well.
  - Metallic bonding is the strong attraction between closely packed positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons.
- Allotropes of Carbon
  - Diamond, Graphite and Fullerene
Biology
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
  - Prokaryotic cells do not have their cells in the nucleus
  - Eukaryotic cells have there DNA enclosed in the nucleus
- Animal and Plant Cells
  - Nucleus- Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell
  - Cytoplasm- Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes
  - Cell Membrane- Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
  - Mitochondria- Most energy is released by respiration here
  - Ribosomes- Protein synthesis happens here
  - Extra Plant Cells
    - Cell Wall- Strengthens the cell
    - Chloroplasts- Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
    - Vacuole- Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell large
- Cell specialisation
  - Human beings need cells because they are the building blocks for all living structures. While the human body produces a wide variety of cell types, collectively, they are how the human body builds everything from skin to bones to internal organs.
- Microscopy and Micro-organisms
  - Bacteria, Virus, Fungi
- Bacteria Binary Fission
  - A cell just needs to to grow twice its size and then split into 2
  - Before it copies itself the cell must copy its DNA and segregate it to 2 ends of the cell, this is so the cells can split and not damage the DNA
- Chromosomes and mitosis
  - The cell’s nucleus contains chromosomes made from long DNA molecules.
  - The DNA contained in chromosomes carries the instructions required for the functioning and development of all living organisms.
  - Mitosis is when the cells split in half either if they are injured or old
- DNA replication
  - Double Helix A,T C,G
  - The DNA is in the form of a double helix. The two strands are held together by 4 bases A,T C,G. The sequence of base pairs produces the sequence required fro protein production, (enzymes are a type of protein). The sequence fro protein production is produced by the DNA strands seperating (unzipping). Next, the sequence is copied(transcribed) as mRNA. The sequence is coded in triplets of letters of the bases (e.g. ATT) once transcribed then it leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosome. The ribosome (in the cytoplasm) is responsible for producing the protein. The triplet codings are read by the ribosomes and the tRNA brings in teh corresponding amino acids (in triplets). The amino acids are joined in the order determined by the mRNA sequence.
- Stem Cells
  - Undifferentiated (embryonic and adult)
- Membrane Transport
  - Diffusion
    - Net movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
  - Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from high to low concentration, across a semi permeable membrane
  - Active transport is low to high
  - The larger the surface area the greater the rate of diffusion
Physics
- Scalars and vectors
  - Speed = Scalar Velocity = Vector
  - W=mg Weight=Mass*Gravitational acceleration
- Push, Pull, Air resistance, Upthrust, Weight
- 1)Objects keep on doing what they're doing 2) F=MA 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.