Evolution

Evolution

1. Inheritance

   • Genotype
     • Genotype describes genes (instructions)
   • Phenotype
     • Phenotype describes traits (result) - Determined by genotype (and environment)
   • Genetic Variations
     • Mutations
       • - Are changes in the DNA sequence - Can occur in the coding or non-coding regions of DNA - Can occur in somatic or germ cells
       • Somatic Cells
         • Mutations in somatic cells cannot be inherited
       • Germ Cells
         • Mutations in germ cells cannot be inherited
       • Causes
         • Spontaneous
         • Induced
       • Types
         • Point Mutations
         • Insertions/Deletions
         • Translocations, deletions, or duplications
       • Outcomes
         • Loss-of-Function
         • Gain-of-Function
         • Silent
     • Reproduction
     • Bacteria
       • Conjugation
         • DNA plasmid transfer between existing cells
       • Transformation
         • Uptake of DNA from the environment.
       • Transduction
         • Spread of DNA through bacteriaphage (viruses)
     • Transposons
       • - 'Jumping Genes' - Contain genes that promote integration and "excision" (cutting themselves out of the DNA). - Reintegrate somewhere else - Can take other DNA with them