Chapter 10 Psych 230

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Problems of Baumrind's

styles

Problems: All point towards

problems

Original sample

Focus

lack of insight about

authoritarian parents

lack of detail about

permissive parents’ guidance style

children’s contribution to the

parent-child relationship

Original sample had little

economic, ethnic, or cultural diversity

More focus was attitudes than

daily interactions

** identify which

detentions are **** On EXAM

Cultural Variations

Parental influence

3-way interaction influences outcome of

any parenting style

1. child’s temperament

2. Parent’s personality

3. Social context

Multicultural and

multicontextual perspective

Gender

Some terminology

Biological

sex:

Sex differences: biological

XX or XY

Sexuality: sexual behavior, not defined

by gender or biological sex

Gender: completely a a social

context

Gender

differences:

roles and behaviors

Gender

Identity: clear

conviction, clear understanding of what they are, somewhere in the

second year

Gender

Stereotypes:

narrow beliefs, are also useful to identify

Gender

Roles: gender

acceptable behavior

Becoming Boys and Girls

Age 2

personal gender awareness

apply labels consistently

Age 4

Strict (inflexible gender

constraints (e,g. toys)

Age 5

Increased awareness of sex and

gender differences

Age 8

Belief: bio sex is a permanent

trait

Theories of Gender

Development

Behaviorism

Gender differences

Product of ongoing reinforcement and

punishment

Gender-appropriate is rewarded more

frequently

Social Learning Theory

• Internalize the standards they observe

Cognitive Development Theory

Cognitive concept or general

belief about sex differences

Based on her observations and

experiences

Categorize themselves and

everyone else

Think and behave accordingly

Gender Schema Theory

Social Learning Theory and

Cognitive Theory

Environment and cognitive shape

gender- role development

Preschoolers "label"

themselves

Pick up gender-typed

preferences and behaviors from others

Create gender-typed

self-perceptions

Gender schema used to

interpret their world

Kids can vary in the extent to

they use gender-typed views

Gender-schematic children

Gender-aschematic children