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Lecture 1: The success of mammals

Define the term "mammal": Member of the class Mammalia, amniotes that have hair and mammary glands (glands that produce milk).

Describe mammals: Consists of three groups

Eutheria are animals that have a placenta and give birth to live young

Protheria are egg-laying mammals

Metatheria, the marsupials, give birth to live young that enter a pouch

*All feed their young on milk (and have body hair and three inner-ear bones)

State the role of lactation in the reproduction of mammals:

May be considered as the final stage of the reproductive process in mammal.

Successful reproduction in mammals relies upon successful lactation.

I sa maor investment in terms of nurtients and energy, but enables mother to produce a small number of young with high survival rate.

Can rare young in a wide range of conditions by providing food care and education.

Describe the distribution/range of mammals:

Have successfully colonised all parts of the globe from the hot dry environments of the deserts to the cold seas

Describe the role of milk as a food and its importance in the range of mammals"

Has a relatively constant composition and amounts even in hostile environments. Thus mothers can draw on built up reerves during pregnancy to aid in maintaining milk production. eg seals

Comes in a huge range of compositions depending on the young animals needs (physiological and environmental)

Discuss how differences in milk composition are related to the requirements of different mammal species:

Protein= Muscle growth

Fat= Energy

Carbohydrates=

Lactose= Brain development ( eg human babys with large brain)

Topic 1: Organisation of the mammalian body lectures 1-4

Lecture 2: Body organisation

Define Anatomy:

The study of structure and function

Define Teleology:

Study based upon the theory that all natural things are designed to fulfill a particular purpose i.e., that all structure have a function

Discuss different mammal shapes and the factors that determine shape:

Physical that govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange limit the range of animal forms.

Marine mammals are usually streamlined to efficiently move through water, as water is about 1000 x denser than air so the animals shape must minimize resistance (bumps) so animal such as penguins and dolphins are fusiform in shape (tapered at both ends).

Predatory animals have eyes at the front of their heads to enable binocular vision to aid in determining distance of their prey.

Prey animals have eyes on the sides of their heads to increase feild of vision and avoid predators.

Bipeds: Walking on 2 limbs such as humans, have a s shaped spine to centre gravity over feet to maintain balance,

Quadrupeds: C-shaped backbone which curves upwards, centering gravity through legs.

Discuss the route of transfer between the animal and its environment:

Describe why organisms require a stable internal environment:

List essential processes that an organism must carry out:

Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages inherent in unicellular and multicellular organisms:

Explain why large multicellular organisms have tissues:

Name the major types of tissue:

Name the major organs and organ systems:

Name the internal exchange surfaces:

Describe the internal organisation of organs and tracts"

Outline the structure and function of coelomic cavities:

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