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Open book timed quiz before Friday After each class discussion questions

Text and context of the Bible: What is the old testament?:

- a set of books within the Bible written by hebrews/jews which describe the period from which the period from the beginning of time until 130 BCE

- Decedents (hebrew/jews/israelites) of Abraham Isaac and Jacob

How was it written? In what language?

- mainly written in the Hebrew language

- Originally hebrew text had no vowels

- Vowel points were added between the 8th-10th century

- Readers were scribes and priests that were trained in which words they were intended. - Used it to write to each other and making public proclamation

- Only 10-25% could read the original Bible

- You can’t tell the difference between arabic and hebrew

- This is because they share the same script

- Some was written in the Aramaic language

- Ezra 4:8-6; 7:12-26 - Daniel 2:4-7: 28

- Jeremiah 10:11

- Where do we get the words of the old testament - From biblical texts

- Get out biblical texts from manuscripts - On scrolls or codices

- Complete, incomplete, fragments

- Codicies are more like our books now - Scrolls ->

Where does it come from? - Canaanite (pictoral)

- Originally it had its own script - Origin: it is from Israel

- But it was deeply shaped by its neighbor Adonai = hebrew for lord

Where was it written? On what? When? By whom? - Written in Isreal

- “Middle East”

- Also know as Canaan and Palestine

- Palestine is the term for the land owned by non jewish residents - It was written on animal hide

-

Land Bridge 1. Trade

2. War

3. Ideas

Why is it called the old testament? How is it organized?

August 27 2021:

Georgraohy makes a difference Land Bridge

3 continents:

- asia

- africa - europe

Dead Sea=lowest point on earth - dead sea is retreating

- Due to Israel using the water

Israel's Neighbors:

Europe/Asia Minor

1. Modern day: turkey/spain

2. Ancient empire: Hittites/Aram

1. Aramaic came from

3. Important cities: [carchemish]

1. Ugarit

2. Haran

Asia/Mesopotamia

1. Modern day: Iraq and Iran

2. Iraq: ancient empire of Assyria from northern iraq

1. Cities:

1. Nineveh

2. Asshur

3. Iraq: ancient empire of Babylon from souther draw 4. Iran: ancient empire of Persia

3. Africa

1. Modern day: Egypt

2. Ancient empire of Egypt

1. Cities

1. Memphis

2. Thebes

Our oldest sources of Biblical Tests

Western Boarder: Mediterranean

Eastern boarder: sea of Galilee, Jordan river, dead sea Southern boarder: Negev desert - Sinai

Northern boarder: mount Hermon - mountains of bashan

Capital: Jerusalem

Septuagint (LXX) greek translation of Hebrew Bible 1. 3rd cent. BCC-2nd cent. BCE

2. Includes the oldest complete OT, 4th cent. CE

Masoretic text (MT)

1. Pointed Hebrew manuscripts from “masoretes” the scribes who produced them 2. 6th -11th century CE

3. Includes the oldest complete Hebrew Bible, 11th cent CE

Dead Sea scrolls (DSS)

1. Hebrew and greek

2. 3rd cent. BCE-1st cent. CE includes oldest biblical texts, 3rd cent. BCE-1st CE

Deuteronomy 3:8

- Who wrote the old testament:

- Short answer: a lot of anonymous

- Traditional ascription are not supported by the Bible

Biblical ascriptions:

- indicate an editorial hand or authoritative tradition and not “author” in a sense of humor

Old Testament August 30 2021:

When did they write it?

Dating the Bible:

- early dating: maximalists - Late dating: minimalists

When something was written is different from when it happened.

Some scholars try not to date the Bible at all

The texts lack lots of the information that we find important now. All we have are copies of texts.

How is the OT organized?

- canon = rule (authorized set of texts) - Different groups have different canons

- Orthodox Christian

- Roman Catholic christian - Protestant christian

- Jews

- Apocrypha = jews writings written in greek (greek version of the OT)

Jewish name and canon:

- Tanakh (learn for test ****)

- Torah = law

- Nevi’im = prophets - Ketuvim = writings

***Memorize the order of the books

- scrambled order of books and then order them

3 titles:

- old testament (christian) - TaNaKh (jewish)

- Hebrew bible (neutral)

Genesis 1:1-3

Explanatory value: an answer that finally makes sense?

Questions:

- 7 literal 24hour days. What is a day? Why are there “seven” days.

- Did God create from nothing? Where does the water come from (1:2)? The light (1:3)? - What does the image of God mean? What does rule have dominion mean?

Mirism: a description of something by its extremes

Old Testament: September 1 2021

Bible Quiz: Genesis chapter 2

The First Two Verses:

- 1:1 The Heavens and the Earth

- Are they created in v1 or v8

- 1:2 “formless and void” (tohu vavohu) - 2 theories:

- Absence of order?

- Chaoskampf: struggling with the matter there and making it into something good.

- Absence of matter?

- Creatio ex nihilio: God “creates from nothing” because He is in no way part go the created world.

- 1:2b “hovering over waters” (water from where)

- Points to Chaoskampf -> water = primordial chaos

- Is there any other God here? Is God in creation -> create ex nihilio = still valid

- Dark, watery, abyss/deep - Science or poetry

- Poetry

7 days of creation:

God said “let there be light”

Let there be light

1. Called the light day and the darkness night

Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let

it separate waters from the water.

1. Separate ocean from space/sky

2. Waters above (rain) waters below (ocean)

Lets the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear

1. “Let the earth sprout vegetation

1. He doesn’t make it himself

2. Seeds are the base of the earth

Let there be day and night

1. Let there be signs for seasons and days/years

Let the waters swarm with living creatures and let birds fly over the earth

6. Let us make man

Old Testament: September 3 2021

No class Monday

Wednesday

- text book quiz chapter 2 part 1 - Bible quiz genisis chapter 2

- Discussion questions

- Day 4: let there be day and night

- Sun and moon

- Why does it say greater light/lesser light

- He made them to rule

- The sun and moon are very powerful

- Let them be for science and seasons, days and years

Throne: heaven

Upper waters: comes from clouds Dude in between palms: God Stars: move around in circle Lower waters: the ocean

I don’t think I believe this

- NOT MEANT TO BE WORSHIPED

- Without the sun we wouldn’t know what a year was

- Twelve moonth -> 28 days moon gives us the word month and gives us a sense of time

- Maybe for fear that we would worship the sun and moon - Recognize them as signs from God

- Day 5: let the waters swarm with living creatures and let birds fly over the earth

- V 22: God blessed them, be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters of the seas and sky

- Day 6: let the earth bring forth living creatures according too their kinds live stock, creeping things, and beasts fo the earth according to their kinds. .... let us make man... mankind is given plants to eat

- V 26: God only blesses humanity

- Possibly so that mankind can bless the animals

Days 1-3 form; realms Days 4-6 fill; rulers

Day Form/Realm Day Fill/Ruler

1

Light/dark

4

Sun/moon

2

Air/water

5

Birds/fish

3

Land

6

Animals/mankind

7th

DAY

GOD

RESTED

Genere: Creation Myth

- a “who” story. Not just a “how’ story - Who are we

- According to the numaelish: slaves - Who are the Gods

- According to the numaelish: they fight and we don’t know what they’re gonna do

What do you think of the literal 7 days/24 hours - we honestly don’t know

- “Let us”

- Divine self reference

- See a habit that when God talks to God’s self we see a plural

- “image of God” (Imago Del = latin) - Has to be intrinsic to everyone - Separate from animals

- Special to humans - Self awareness

- Reason rationality

- Relationships with God

** Humanity is the representative of God and is called to protect and carry out God’s authority on earth. - humanities purpose

- Fill

- Subdue - Rule

ONE humanity

TWO forms (male/female)

Old Testament: September 8 2021

The Seventh day (climax) Sabbath; rest do no work - ceasing from working

- God is the creator not us

- We were created - He is the creator

** creation can not be orderly and good without sabbath

- cease and wonder how everything is already good the way God made it

Etiology: origin story

Whole passage is oriented around “7”

What do the seven days indicate? - God’s sanctuary?

- who are we

- Who is God

- God alone creates by his word alone

- Humanity is highly prized

- The old is fruitful a realm to be ruled and a form to be filled

Adam and Eve: September 8

Genesis 1 vs. Genesis 2

God view vs. Earth view Harmony vs. not contradictory

Genesis 2:4 God is referenced as Lord God - possibly different authors

- And time periods

adam in Hebrew = human(ity) haa-adam = the human(ity)

Primal humans = first

Archetypical = how humans now and should be

Genesis 2:4 begins the story:

- how humanity emerges from the heavens and earth

- toledot: ordering of all things from largest category down

- 2:5 “no groundling (adam) to work the ground (ha-adamah)”

Old Testament: September 10 2021

Genesis 3 quiz

Genesis 2:4 begins the story:

- how humanity emerges from the heavens and earth that God made

The point of the story:

“Generations” = Toledot: - ordering of all things

- From largest to smallest

No grounding (adam) to work the ground (ha-adamah)

Genesis 2:7

- formed the human from dust - Breathed into the nostrils

- Breathed the breath of life

- Spirit (1:2) - Breath

- Wind of God

Four Aspects of Biblical Anthropology:

Flesh and Breath

1. Single mystery

Living beings

1. Like animals

3. Dependent

1. Breath in the exhale of God

4. “Low” and “High”

1. Low: Humanity made form dust

1. Not so high as God

2. We are just made from dust

1. Disposition of compassion 2. High: gives the breath of life

1. Capable of doing amazing things

Garden of Eden: Genesis 2:8-9

Then God plants a garden. In eden, in the east, where he places the man, and where he brings trees from the earth

What kind of garden?

- not a backyard vegetable garden - More like an orchard

- Kings and emperors were the only ones to have these - How did the trees get watered

Eden = bliss

What kind of trees? - every tree

- That is pleasant in sight - That is good for food

Which 2 special trees?

- tree of life

- Knowlege of good and evil

Where is the garden? - east of Israel

- The direction of beginnings - Can we map it?

- Has a river running through it - Splits into four:

- Pishon (Havilah where gold is) - Gihon (crush)

- Tigris

- Euphrates

Fountain of the four rivers: 1. Nile = Africa

2. Danube = Europe

3. Ganges = Asia

4. Rio de la Plata = americas

Humanity in the Garden:

Is work evil:

- put man in it to work it and keep it (2:15) - Work Is not a result of sin.

- Eat, Eat! (2:16) the good command of God (genesis 1:28 “he blessed them”)

What is the first commandment to humanity? Eat (2:16)

Old Testament: September 13 2021

Genesis 4: quiz

Discussion questions pick 5/10

“But do not eat” (2:17) - of both trees?

- Why not

- You’ll die?

- Not immediately

- But loss access to tree of eternal life - Spiritual death

- Body = alive

- Dead = broken from God Real life flesh breath relationship to God

What are these trees about?

- knowledge of Good and evil

- Know good and evil

- Possibly a merism

- Not a moral decision-making ability

- Merism for learning

- Wisdom = knowledge of good and evil

- Can mean not foolish

- Tree of life - Can mean all knowledge

- Eat of it and you live? - More than once

- Most likely keep eating = eternal life not just one bite Limitations are part of the good: the divine no = limitations = a gift

Why even make the tree? (Was He being cruel?)

Tree represents a divine no!

- If we don’t have a no we don’t know ordered goodness - Puts the limitation inside the person

- Internal choice to listen to God

The first Woman:

Why eve is not the servant of Adam:

- it is not good for humans to be alone

- We need friendships, community, relationships

- Typically found through marriage - Helper suitable: “fit for him” (2:18,20)

- Is the helper = the help - No

- God used it himself

- Hes not a servant

- So doesn’t lead to servant. - No heirarchy

Old Testament: September 15 2021

Helper = kenegdo

Before:

Adam adamah

Now:

ishah = female Ish = male

- 3:1b-5 - 3:1 and 2:25

IMPORTANT DATES:

09/17: Genesis Quiz 09/20: Genesis 12-17 quiz 09/22: Genesis 18-22 quiz 09/24: Genesis 12-50 quiz 09/27: Unit Test

The Sin of Humanity:

- they were naked (arumim) with no shame, the serpent was shrewd (arum) - Play on words

- Did God say

- He said

- You wil not die

- The woman saw, ate, gave to him, who was with her and he ate.

- Their eyes were opened and they were ashamed so they hid ** the serpant never actually lied

They were both wrong

- the man knew it was wrong

- The woman may have been deceived

NOT OBVIOUS EVIL

Who is to blame for evil?

- the serpent is not described as Satan

- Who is to blame and where does it come from?

What is evil?

- A feature of createdness and sometime even in the context of the

presence of God we choose to try to be him. Its not so much abut our will as our belief: we fail to believe we are creatures.

How should we deal with it? - we can’t.

- We can only ask for help

- We need to know the good order

- We need Gods help to know that

- Were only in trouble when we try to be like God

The fall:

- most significant event in christianity - The fall = original sin

- Original sin = inevitability of sin - Progeny or archetype

- Either way, the fault lies with us not God

- Humanity is meant to relate with God in purity but we can’t

WE ARE AT FAULT!

Serpent = yezer para = evil inclination

Eyes opened = ashamed (so they hid)

How does God come?

He walks in and asks “where are you” Why:

- ask question to maintain relationship - Admitting of their sins helps them heal

What order:

- Who they are

- Why they are there

Sins consequences: - their response

- Man

- Woman - Serpent

- Gods response: - serpents

- Woman - man

2 curses and 2 toils (labor done with little reward): - serpent

- Banned to the ground - Woman

- Multiply pain in labor

- Desire for husband and he/it shall rule over you

- “It” Desire sex even though infant mortality was common

- “He” then something to be alleviated not something normative

- Consequence of sin - Need to resist

- Ground

- Produces thorns thistles

- Man

Fruit of the ground fruit of the womb

Old Testament: September 17 2021

Quiz Genesis 12-15

Genesis 3:22-24

“Let us.... One way or another”

- the way is barred forever

- Mankind is banished back from - Chavah = eve

- God kills for them

Blessing: if they will not learn dependency in wisdom, they will

learn it in life

Banned: working in place he was made from originally

The tree of life represents eternal life with God, way to it is unknowable East of Eden: revealing Israel's eastern origins

Cain = crops Abel = flocks

Crops grain offering;

- grind add water offer

Abel offers the best of his flocks

Cain offers an offering (of the worst of his crops (in the septuagint)) - of the worst either added or left off

tion = Gods choice for the purposes of salvation - simple: Gods choice

God doesn’t like one more than other Some people just have to put more work in Some are just more blessed than others We have to be content with our life

Primeval History (first age): Genesis 1-11

A sequence of sins and grace (favor and ..) in which God

Continues life

1. Graciously choosing to move life forward

Graciously elects

Election: Gods choice of Isreals ancestors

Genesis 4: implied readers question

- how will God make Israel as a nation? - From Cain?

- did we descend from Cain - they have a another child

- Seth

- all descended from Seth

Whats with the Genealogies?

MAJOR POINT:!!!! GOD IS BEING FAITHFUL - Enoch: (5:24)

- Noah (5:29)

MINOR POINT:

- the long lives build a distance between the reader and the time described

Is God a Monster:

- how can God just kill all these people - Quote above

What if the Bible is actually a merciful voice in the midst of the common assumption of a “Global” flood? - quote above

Highly unlikely that they all stem from one story or event

Note similarities with Epic of Gilgamesh (Earth was filled with violence smith had to be

done)

How deos the Bible tell this common story?

Old Testament: September 20 2021

Is Gods violence different from ours - our violence is against each other - Gods against us

God = judgment Us = violence

GOds violence keeps us alive

Humanity is wicked esp violent and the right divine response is eventual lethal judgment. Is God Patient here?

Reading of the flood: - noah = righteous

- We don’t know why

- Maybe because he’s not violent

- Rainbow means:

- God will never flood the earth again

- moral of the story?

- God alone has the right to violence/punishment. We are only alive right now because of his mercy - Rainbow reminds of his mercy

- Good aspects of this reeding - Stand against violence

- Hope and grace

- Comfort in rain and floods - Problems with this reading

- Only a vague relation to Noahs name - Mankind is still evil after the flood

- So what was the point

- Elaborate way to say either don’t be wicked or I am patient and will not punish you

What if we pay more attention to the one thing that doesn’t change Noahs offering = no more cursing the ground and all meat good for food

What if there is something in careful butchering that teaches us not to kill each other - primary moral: no killing people

But mankind may NOT eat blood because life is in the blood (eat the meat but not the blood) Rainbow = Gods commitment to life despite violence

Gift of sacrifice = a new system of cleansing the earth from violence

Humanity lives by sacrificial death of (clean) animals

Restoring fruitfulness of earth and crops

Noahs: YAYA WINE

Curses Hams (mocking nakedness ->sexual) grandson -> Canaan accidentally cursing the nation

Flood story = mans violence and gods forceful end to it

God saves Noahs and his family from death but also saved the earth from humanity’s violence

Genesis 9-11: populating the word - fill the earth and be fruitful

- It happened ch 10

- All nations belong to GOd - All of them stem from Noah

How do they fit together

- Ch: 9 be fruitful

- Ch: 10 it happen

- CH: 11 how it happened (explaining how 10 happened)

Tower of Babel = Babylon Balel = confusion

Not anti-pride as anti-uniformity

(Stuck in one place)

- uniformity leads to Hegemony lead to oppression - Ethnic diversity is Gods design

Abraham:

The hinge point of the Bible - from nations to Isreal

- From sin to salvation

Old Testament: September 22 2021

Review session at 3 on Sunday (Evans auditorium) Study guide-> walk through the slides

**knwo the story in order

Hinge point:

1. From nations to Israel 2. From to salvation

Genesis 1-11 (hinge happens here) Geneis 12

- So God twist their tongues

God speaks, Abe goes - abe the mystic

- Abe the faithful

- Where?

- To the land that I will show you

NT Debate: because he believes or because he obeys (why does he listen) either way he responds to God with faith

- blessing

- Great name - blessings and the nations

- Reputation

- Election: God chooses to bless him - How does Abe bless the world

- Jewish = culture

- Christian = mission/salvation through Jesus his elected descendant - Also possible

- Abe = famous for “one who is blessed”

God speaks, Abe believes, God commits

- what is Abrahams concern?

- For I continue childless

- Concerned about ^ (no descendants)

- What is Gods promise

- But your very own son will be your heir

- Also land

- Go out and look at the stars

- Look at the heavens and number the stars - stars = hope

- What is Abes response

- And he believed the Lord

- How is that promise solidified? - Don’t make a covenant

- Cut a covenant

- Walking through blood is pretty memorable

- Makes it serious

- What does Abe have to do?

- He doesn’t have to do anything

God appears and commands:

- name changed why

- Circumcision commanded. Why? What might it mean?

- Males = devoting offspring to God

- Man seed woman ground

- Seed that comes through foreskin belongs to god

- Almost making a covenant that they are honoring god for blessing of descendants - Fulfillment through Sarai now Sarah and through issac (he laughs) Abraham

laughs and obeys

Hospitality of Abraham -> Sarah is chosen by name by the gift of God

Old Testament: September 24 2021

Adumbration: shadowed picture; shadowed form of Christianity Trinity a good example: 3 angels at the door:

- father son holy spirit?

- Probably not but possibly a shadowed form

Genesis 22 - God tests

- Does Abe know

Anti-instrumentalism: Passage that keeps us from instrumentalizing God or using

Him for our purpose

Tel:

First settlement next to a water source Using stone tools ^^ (stone age) Houses fall down

Next gen. builds more houses

Uses bronze tools ^^ (bronze age) Better houses

Build more houses on the same site Using iron tools (iron age)

Leaves behind layers of rubble and ruins

Tel -> tale

- a story is like ruins

- Stories are told again and again

- Stories take on generational layers

- Places prompt stories where these stories happen

Bible stories are being told over and over again

Jacob -> Isreal (name change happens twice)

Stories of the patriarchs

3 levels:

- narratives - Etiologies - Promises

- Affirmations about Gods faithfulness and shaping of Israel's understanding.

Patriarchs

- Abraham

- Issac

- Jacob (snuggle with God)/isreal

Why:

Lineage of Isreal is traced through these male figures

Patriarchy: males hold all the authority. Others are subjects or property

3 words:

- patrilineal - tracing genealogy through the fathers

- W/out we wouldn’t be able to see Gods promises passed around - Patricentric - organized around the male

- You have to have a family system -> done through oldest male

- Old times: having whole family with aunts uncles all that under one roof -> oldest male

- Servants part of the family

- Patriarchy: males hold all the authority. Others are their subjects or property

- Other subjects are nothing

- Male rules everything - Heterarchy

- Not in charge of families or outdoor stuff

Bible values mothers and include them in the stories even if ultimately...

Yes and no: find the powerpoint

Stories as Narratives:

- good stories

- Well-told reflecting the nuances of relationships between people and between God and his people, responding to

his his promises/actions with them. - Indidvidual relationship God

- Feel and draw towards these stories because of the one on one

Etiologies:

- not characters -> national identities

- Guy named America and a guy named Canada

Where do we come from?

Who do we come from

Jacob -> Isreal Essau -> edom

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