Chapter 11: Language - created from Mind Map

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developments in the psychological study of

Broca: frontal gyrus, language production

Wernicke: temporal gyrus in dominant hemisphere, understanding of language

Skinner: behaviorist, believed lang was part of human programming, children learn by being rewarded and punished

psycholinguistics

does language affect thought

Broca's aphasia: affects communication abilities

Wernicke's aphasia:

Chomsky: disagreed

what about 'I hate you mommy'

psychological process for how people learn and process lang

comprehension: how people understand

speech production: physical + mental process

representation: how mind imagines lang

acquisition: how we learn lang, later in life etc

Sapir-Worth hypothesis

cloak theory: basic categories of thought, affects but does not determine

mould: language is the basis for which we understand things, determinism

determinism: yes

myth: inuit and snow words

language conforms to ways of thinking

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

phoneme: shortest segment of speech that can be changed/change word meaning

morpheme: smallest unit of language that can be defined, or has grammatical meaning

allophone: different ways to pronounce the same phoneme

bit=/b/ /i/ /t/

somehow we just learn how to articulate this

babies better @ distinguishing these

b /a/ t

place of articulation

voicing: do yourvocal cords vibrate

accents come from millisec shifts in phonemes, sometimes can't hear the differences in phonemes

vowels nearly always voiced (placement in mouth, tongue position)

[p]

[b]

wug vs wuk vs wugz vs wuks

bilabial: airflow disrupted @ lips

plosive/stop-consonant: air column stopped and released

nonvoiced: vocal cord vibration is delayed

voiced, bilabial, plosive

inherent knowledge about keeping voiced, voiceless near each other

trucks=truck + s

bedroom=bed+room

lull vs little

perception of phonemes and words

Warren's phonemic restoration effect

Pollack + Pickett

word superiority effect: we can better recog. individual words/sounds within words rather than nonwords

people will listen to words with extraneous sounds in them (like coughs or sneezes) and not notice the filled in part

an example of top-down processing

less likely in unknown words

recorded conversations and played back single words

participants couldn't understand words out of context

speech segmentation: finding individual words in the continuous flow of speech

need context to distinguish b/n words like big girl and big Earl

understanding words

word frequency effect: responding faster to higher freq. words than lower

lexical ambiguity: words have more than 1 meaning, but context eliminates this

kowtow vs bread

prior knowledge and context can affect this

understanding sentences

syntax: how language is structured

semantics: what it means

parsing: grouping of words into phrases

McGurk Effect: what we see overrides what we hear, mouth mvt influences what we hear, ba vs da

garden path sentence: when first reading sentence think 1 thing, then as you read changes meaning

ex: cast iron sinks quickly rust

late closure: each word builds on your understanding of the word

interactionist approach: we take in both things at the same time

Tanenhaus apple on the towel exp: with two apples becomes a lot clearer

understanding stories

anaphoric inference: connect obj to obj/person

instrument inference: what we know about that context helps inform our imagination

causal inference: events caused by other events in earlier sentences

situation model: mental rep of what story is about

Emily did this with them. She also...

The cave man hunted the wooly mammoth.

b/c semantic knowledge of cave men, we know they didn't use guns

Zwann: photos of nail + sentence, participants were faster @ indicating which one was which

blocked continuum: mother in front of tv scenario, implies we represent things as they should be

grammar/syntax

particle: preposition acts as part of the verb: ex looked 'over'

combined with that verb changes the meaning

came by, turned up, lived down (by, up, down particles)

written language

writing took a long time to develop

Han-gul: each letter has meaning

King Sejong, 1446, accessible to all

conversation

1. semantic coordination: in convos we have to present given info+newinfogiven-new contract

Bock syntatic priming: we're more likely to mirror each other's syntax in convo

properties of language

0. records experience, sometimes unique only to lang

1 language=species specific

2 major part of culture

3 way of communicating self/other

4 register=info about speaker

5 language as serial behavior

6 implicit rules

marriage, legal, memory, inertia, bible, democracy, military

sometimes the senses just can't cover it

critical learning period

code switching: 2 diff lang in diff context

gendered terms

bilingualism: increased memory for when you learned new lang, but normal reminiscence bump for native lang

baby talk, dimunitives

not random, subject, predicate, etc

requires lots of different movements in mouth etc

ex: corridor and eye contact, studying at table

case grammar: what function does noun serve in sentence

dative: noun that receives the action

agentive: cause

genitive: possession

accusative: passive action, receptor

instrumental: implies the noun was actually used in the shindig I wrote a note with the pen

I gave 'you' the drink

to or for

eating, procurer, prosecutor

whatever would have the apostrophe s would be in dative case

your book= you = possession

I kicked, I hit, I read it: noun verb noun

Chapter 11: Language