Literal Rule - created from Mind Map

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Judges give words their natural, ordinary, dictionary meaning.

Whiteley V Chappell

Fisher V Bell

Berriman

Words are given their meaning at the time of the passing of the Act and given the same meaning throughout the Act

Even if it results in absurdity

R v Judge of the City of London Court

'Any person entitled to vote' - dead person not entitled to vote

Flick-knives on show in shop window

= ITT not 'an offer for sale' - which was banned by Act in question

As a result Parliament had to change Act

Mrs B unable to claim compensation after husband killed whilst doing maintenance work, oiling points on line

Not engaged in 'relaying or repairing' which requires lookout to warn of approaching trains

LR can lead to unfair/harsh decisions