Transport in Animals

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Page 71 Fact recall

1) Large diffusion distance, small surface area = diffusion slow for demand

2a) Mammals

b) Blood passes twice through the heart on one circuit around the body

3a) Blood passes through the heart once on one circuit

b) Blood is in vessels

4) Blood is not in vessels, it is free in body

Page 75 Fact recall

1) Left

2a) A- vena cava b- pulmonary veins c- aorta d- right atrium e- coronary arteries f- right ventricle g- left ventricle h- vena cava

b) a- pulmonary artery b- aorta c- vena cave d- pulmonary vein e- right atrium f- semi lunar valve g- atrio-ventriclular valve h- left ventricle

3) As it is needed to pump heart around the whole of the body, whereas the right only pumps blood to the lungs

4a) Semi lunar

b) prevent backflow of blood

5) The sequence of contraction and relaxation of artria and ventricles, that keeps blood circulating around the body

6) Volume decreases, pressure increases in atria

Page 79 Application

1) 1.3-0.4=0.9 60/0.9=66

bpm

2) 1.4-0.3=1.1 60/1.1=54 bpm

3) The p wave - contraction of atria has a delay after it before contraction of the ventricles

Page 79 Fact recall

1a) Sino atrial node

b) Sends reqular waves of electrical activity over atrial walls, contracting them

2) Non conducting collagen tissue

3) Conduct wave of excitation to ventricles

4) Carries wave into muscular walls of ventricles, contracting them from apex up

5a) Electrocardiogram

b) Fibrillation, fast heart rate heart problems

Page 82 Application

1) Low levels of protein in the blood can increase it's water potential, meaning less fluid re-enters capillaries at the end of the capillary bed, so more stays in tissue fluid, causing it to swell

Page 82 Fact recall

1) a- vein b- capillary c-artery

2) Small lumen, folded endothelium, large muscle layer, elastic tissue in wall

3a) Veins

b) To prevent backflow of blood

4) Fluid surrounding cells in tissues

5) fluid forced into spaces around cell, forming tissue fluid

6) lymphatic vessel

7a) tissue fluid surrounds cells in tissues, blood contains red blood cells

b) lymph is in lymphatic vessel, contains only antibody proteins

Page 86 Application

1) curve to left

2) As it's affinity for oxygen is higher that adult hb, meaning it becomes more saturated with oxygen at a lower pO2

Page 86 Fact recall

1) Red blood cells

2) Oxyhaemoglobin

3) Tendency hb has to bind with an oxygen molecule

4) Alveoli in lungs, site where oxygen first enters blood so high oxygen concentration, oxygen associates

5) partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen

6) More oxygen available to cells during activity

7) Shift oxygen dissoociation curve right

8) Carbonic anahydrase

9a) Splits up to give hydrogen and hydrogencarbonate ions

b) Increase in hydrogen ions causes oxyhaemoglobin to disassociate it's oxygen so that haemoglobin can take up hydrogen ions

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