Electrons

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Two theories of how electrons act:

Bohr Planetary: Electrons act like planets circling nucleus.

Quantum Mechanical: Electrons act like waves and like particles.

Energy is quantized, i.e, in little particles called quanta. So orbitals are really just probability statements of where electrons might be located.

Shells are main energy levels for electrons around nucleus. 1st shell is closest to nucleus and had lowest energy. hell numbers increase as they go away from nucleus. Electrons farther away from nucleus have higher energy.

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Average Atomic Masses

Are based on a unit that is 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom.

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Excited electrons emit energy, as they jump back down to lower orbitals.

The energy is released as specific wavelengths (colors) of light in line spectra.

Spectrometers are instruments that are used to analyze the line spectrum that comes from an excited atom. Blue light has higher energy than red lights. ROYGBIV = continuous spectrum.