Learning

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

(Pavlovian) -automatic, reflexive, and involuntary behaviors that occur in response to NEW stimuli in the environment

VOCAB:

Unconditioned stimulus (US)- any stimulus that produces and automatic reflexive response

Unconditioned response (UR)- the automatic reflexive response that occurs in the presence of the US

Conditioned stimulus (CS)- any neutral stimulus in the environment

Conditioned response (CS)- a NEW, never before seen, response to the CS as a result of pairing the US and the CS

extinction- a decrease in the CR that occurs with repeated presentation of the CS alone

spontaneous recovery- the return of the CR following a "time-out" after extinction

stimulus generalization- reflexive responding that occurs to stimuli other than the CS that was present at training

stimulus discrimination- reflexive responding that is restricted to the CS that was present at training

flooding- repeated presentation of feared object

EXAMPLE:

FOOD (US) = dog salivating (UR)

FOOD (US) + bowl (NS) = dog salivating (UR)

eventually, learning occurs, NS becomes CS.....

bowl (CS) = dog salivating (UR)

John Watson and Rosalie Raynor studied classical conditioning in humans (little albert)

Mary Culver Jones attempted to eliminate fears (unlearn)

Counter Conditioning:

feared CS + (new pos US) = pos UR ----this produces new CR

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (B.F. Skinner)

reinforcement strengthens the response or makes it more likely to occur

punishment weakens the responce or makes it less likely to occur

voluntary behaviors are increased or decreased based on the outcome that follows the behavior

VOCAB

primary reinforcement- satisfies biological need (food, water, temperature)

primary punisher- dissatisfy biological need (pain, cold)

secondary reinforcer- satisfies learned needs (praise, money)

secondary punisher- dissatisfies learned needs (scolding)