Heating and Cooling Year 11 Physics Exam

KINETIC PARTICLE MODEL

• DEFINTION: A model that states that small particles (atoms or molecules) make up all matter and have kinetic energy, meaning they are constantly in motion.
• All matter is made up of tiny particles
• Particles are constantly in motion
• Kinetic energy is conserved
• There are always forces of attraction and repulsion between particles

HEAT

• DEFINTION: Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter body to a colder one.
• When a solid substance is 'heated', the particles within the material gain either kinetic energy or potential energy.

INTERNAL ENERGY

• DEFINITION: The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles within a substance
• Heating changes the internal energy of a substance

TEMPERATURE

• DEFINITION: The average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance.
• An increase in the internal energy of a substance will result in an increase in temperature if there is a net gain in kinetic energy.

ABSOLUTE ZERO

• Experiments indicate that there is limit to how cold things can get. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature attainable.
• Its value is -273.15 degrees Celsius or 0 Kelvin.
• There is no kinetic energy within the particles at absolute zero.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

• DEFINTION: The amount of energy that must be transferred to change the temperature of 1kg of the material by 1 degree Celsius or 1 Kelvin.
• Change in energy is directly proportional to the mass of a substance
• Change in energy is directly proportional to the change in temperature of a substance
• energy= mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature
• The specific heat capacity depends on the material
• when a material changes state its specific heat capacity changes

LATENT HEAT + CHANGE IN STATE

• DEFINITION: Latent heat is the energy used to change the substance at the same temperature, i.e. the energy is not seen as a change in temperature.
• The temperature remains the same during an objects change of state
• energy= mass x latent heat

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

• DEFINITION: For two bodies in thermal contact, the point at which the two reach the same temperature and there is no further net transfer of thermal energy.