Tourism Topic Notes (ALL)

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Tourism:

"Tourism is the movement of people away from their main place of residence which usually includes an overnight stay. It can be for leisure, business purpose or to visit family and friends."

What different types of leisure tourism are there?

Package = A holiday that has everything arranged by a tour company- transport, accommodation, some meals, resort representative to advise on outings.

All-inclusive = Holidays that are package holidays but include all drinks and meals in resort.

Eco-tourism = Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local communities.

Beach holidays = This is where the main purpose of the holiday is to spend time relaxing on a beach.

Short city breaks = These trips tend to be for couples who wish to see the sights of a city for a short period of time.

Activity holidays = This type of holiday gives tourists the chance to learn new skills, try out new things, face different challenges.

Health tourism = This type of tourism involves going on a trip which includes a holiday and some sort of health treatment.

Heritage holiday = Holidays where people travel to visit sites of national and/or world importance to learn about the past.

Buzz words:

Seasonality = This is the uneven pattern of tourist use of a destination through the year (peak and off-peak)

Local tourism = This is when people travel in the area close to where they live

National tourism = When people travel within their own country

International tourism = When people travel between countries

What attracts tourists to different holiday destinations?

Physical attractions:

Natural parts of a resort which encourage people to visit e.g. weather, views, warm seas

Human attractions:

Facilities and services which host places build or provide which encourage tourists to visit e.g. cultural sites, variety of accommodation, water sport equipment hire.

What are the different stages of the Butler model? What are the features of these different stages?

Elephants In Dungeons Can Smell Dead Rats

Exploration:

1. Small amount of tourists visit the area

2. Resort is relatively 'unspoiled'

3. No impacts on the area

4. Host community welcomes tourists

5. Tourists are seen as a small source of income

Involvement:

1. Visitors start to increase

2. The host provides services e.g. hotels & transport

3. Events start to be set up for tourists

Development:

1. Visitors continue to increase

2. Main reason for visiting is natural & cultural attractions

3. Built attractions are starting to develop

4. Hosts promote area & package holidays will be offered

5. Destination is recognised as tourist destination

Consolidation:

1. Visitors increase but not as fast

2. Transport/ access to hotels have been improved

3. The local economy now relies on the income from tourism

5. Facilities for tourists are begining to impact the environment

6. May be some resentment to the changes that tourism brings

Stagnation:

1. Facilities & services tend to decline (old & run down)

2. Negative impacts on environment more obvious & visors decrease

3. Destination seen as spoilt

4. Community begins to resent the tourists who have taken over the town

Decline:

1. Tourists decrease rapidly

2. Local economy severly affected

3. Many people loose their jobs

4. Image of resort suffers and fewer people visit

Rejuvenation:

1. Successfully rebranded & regenerated

2. Involves substantial investment to improve facilities and amenities

Using an example of a tourist resort in the European Union that has gone through the 7 stages of the butler model. (Blackpool case study should be applied to this kind of question)

Exploration:

1720- The only visitors were the landed gentry who would ride on the beach and bathe in the sea.

1735- Blackpool's first guest house was created by Edward Whiteside, specifically for visitors to Blackpool.

Involvement:

1781- Thomas Clifton and Sir Henry Houghton built the 1st private road into Blackpool.

1837- Dr John Cocker built first assembly rooms where the tourist could meet and enjoy events.

Development:

1863- North Pier opened.

1870- Promenade was built along the sea front.

Consolidation:

1900-The towns railway stations were rebuilt to deal with increasing number of tourists arriving by train.

1931- Visitors had increased to 3,850,000.

Stagnation:

1972- Blackpool Zoo opened.

1980- The first indoor shopping centre was built, The Hounds Hill.

Decline:

1987- Visitors have decreased from 16m to 10.5m

- The average annual hotel occupancy rate has reduced to 22%

Rejuvenation:

2003- Rejuvenation projected started:- 26,700 new jobs created and additional 7m visitors per year expected. £2.2bn of capital invested.

2004- 11,000,000 visitors

Where is Cancun?

Mexico is an eastern peninsular next to Cozumel, on the eastern side of Laguna de Nichupte.

Social impacts:

-hotel zones use clean, drinkable water to water plants where as the locals don't have a clean reliable source.

-Big american restaurants are taking over land and building space (so loosing identity)

Economic impacts:

-25%of money earnt in mexico comes from Cancun.

-Community is improving i.e. transport

Environmental impacts:

-Lake nichupte is a dead zone as is too polluted.

-Hotel zone pump waste in to the sea.

If cancun tourism wasn't increasing or was not there, Mexico couldn't develop other areas.

What is the multiplier effect?

The multiplier effect is the knock on effect of an activity causing spending in other areas.

Leakage is when the full benefit from spending in an area is not enjoyed as it is lost to other areas.

The impact of tourism on Malham, UK

Social impacts:

-grass gets eroded due to lots of people walking on it

-emergency vehicals are restricted

-creating more demand for local services

-visitors can cause conjestion

-The bus service is more frequent in summer because of the amount of tourists

-parking in narrow roads reduces them to one lane - which causes delays and traffic

-old, historic buildings are being updated

Economic impacts:

-hard to buy properties

-in 1991 55% of houses were used for holiday destinations

-new employment oppertunities

-prices of houses have risen 15% higher than less popular rural areas in yorkshire

-employment is seasonal and poorly paid

Environmental impacts:

-access and footpaths allow tourists to roam "free" over local area causing erosion and damage

-Malham is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park so cannot be developed on

Case Studies:

Zanzibar- Stone Town

cultural change: the population are becoming more westernised in their clothing thus loosing their cultural identity.

Makes money: this is being used to improve the buildings at stone town

World Heritage Site Protection: this has given it protection from tourism development

evidence: The Zanzibar hotel has used tourists money to improve its building in stone town

-the tourists dont cover their shoulders

-$220m a year comes to Zanzibar from tourists

Dubai-

Cultural Differences: The population should be fully clothed but tourists dont follow this therefore business people have issues to maintain the moral code of Dubai

Malham UK-

Second homes & services:

people with second homes in malham prevent perminent residents from living there, this means there is going to be less demands out of summer seasons

Increases bus servies:

Due to more people visiting, buses are required more frequently to cope with the increased number of travellers

Seasonal employment:

Some businesses are not as essential when its not sumer, meaning employment is 'seasonal' and jobs therefore have a very low salary

Evidence: In 2001 70% of houses were used for holiday purposes

Aiya Napa (Cyprus):

Seasonal employment:

Some businesses are not as essential when its not sumer, meaning employment is 'seasonal' and jobs therefore have a very low salary

Increased bus services:

Due to more people visiting, buses are required more frequently to cope with the increased number of travellers. e.g more services to Larnica, the capital

Makes Money:

Tourists spend money on food, drink and accommodation which goes into the countries GDP which 20% of is provided directly from tourism

Creates Jobs:

Many jobs are lost in winter months due to low income of business compared to popular tourist dates

Species Protected:

This prevents extinction and emigration, Lara Beach is protected for Green and Hawk bill turtles to lay their eggs

Maldives (enclave resort):

Reduced cultural change:

Tourists dont mix with locals as much therefore not impacting the culture

Improved services/facilities:

money from tourists is used to improve education and services for the local residents

Sewage destroying coral and habitat:

Tourism creates extra sewage, therefore there has been a decrease in fish numbers and species. When new resorts are developed the government insists the sewage is dealt in an eco-friendly way.

Environmental improvements:

has to be eco-friendly+ make tourists aware of the impacts

Machu Picchu (Peru):

Makes money:

tourists spend money on food, drink and accommodation which then contributes to the countries GDP, tourists generate $40m a year for the government

Lulworth Cove:

Environmental protection from tourists money:

Lulworth have minimised environmental impacts by using money from car parks o build a heritage centre, improve signage and re-lay footpaths

Effects of tourism on Machu Picchu (INCA TRAIL):

-soil erosion on the trail

-landslides and slumping

-increase in litter

-human waste being left

-crime increases

-government see tourists as an important development tool

-strong multiplier effect, stimulating other areas of the economy

-brought in $600m in 1995, 10% of total earnings and 1% of peru's GDP

-increase in accommodation

-slow rise in the economic well-being of the local people but they still have low incomes, est. $1,923 per capita

-western culture has improve the standard of living

-the ruining of machu picchu are being eroded

Eco-tourism-Footsteps in Gambia:

9 huts for accommodation

environmental effects:

-water comes from tubwells and is stored in tanks, solar powered pumps fill up the tanks

-hot water lasts 5 minutes so doesn't waste power on heating the water

-all toilets are composting

-the gambians who run the gardens recycle everything

-the wind and sun are used to make electricity

-solar powered freezer has reduced the use of propane gas

social effects:

-all the employees receive training and are paid all year, they also get medical and health care

-footsteps informs guests about local craftspeople and markets

Economic effects:

-company employs all of their 22 members of staff from the local village of Gunjur

-footsteps gives 22% of their profits to the local community

Important information

Case studies