Spanish 2 Study Guide

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The Imperfect Tense Is Used:

1. To express habitual of repeated actions in the past

Clue words: siempre, muchas veces, a menudo, todos los..., cada..., frecuentemente, generalmente, con frecuencia (or any expression that implies repetition)

2. An action that was in progress in the past

Often appears with the preterite, which would be the interruption action.

Ex) Jugaba al futbol cuando me rompi la pierna.

3. Mental or emotional states

This includes verbs related to thinking and to desires (pensar, creer, querer, etc.)

4. Descriptions/background information

Broadcast of all categories and includes many things such as weather, age, time, physical description or conditions or anything that is not viewed an action and is more static.

5. To describe simultaneous actions in the past

The Preterite Tense Used To:

1. Express past events that are clearly complete

Ex) Comi un sandwich anoche.

2. Refer to events that occurred at a specific point in the past

(In addition to particular dates or times)

Clue Words: anoche, ayer, el/la...pasado(a), una ve, etc.

3. To narrate a series of actions in the past

***Irregulars in the preterite have their own set of endings listed below. Note that NONE of these have accents.

Adverbs

Many adverbs that end in -ly in English end in -mente in Spanish. To form this, start with the feminine form of the adjective then add -mente to the end. If the adjective does not have a feminine form then add -mente without making any changes.

Ex) perfecto = perfectamente

regular = regularmente

Commands

All commands follow same rule EXCEPT for affirmative tu commands.

Rule:

- start with yo in the present

- drop the o

- add the opposite vowel ending

AR VERBS

negative tu es

Ud. e

Uds. en

ER / IR VERBS

negative tu es

Ud. e

Uds. en

IRREGULARS

ser: seas sea sean

ir: vayas vayas vayan

dar: des dé den

estar: estés esté estén

saber: sepas sepa sepan

Placement of Pronouns (me, te, le, lo, se, nos)

Positive Commands:

-attached to the end of the affirmative commands

- add an accent THREE syllables from the end

Ex) cómprelo / invítenme

Negative Commands:

- attached in front of the commands

- no accents

Ex) No me compre / No me inviten *remember that negatives have the "no"

Affirmative Tu Commands Exceptions

To form an affirmative tu command, drop the "s" from the present tense. Pronouns will attach to the end.

Ex) hablar = habla

comer = come

vivir = vive

IRREGULARS OF AFFIRMATIVE TU COMMANDS

ser - sé

venir - ven

decir - decir

salir - sal

hacer - haz

tener - ten

ir - ve

poner - pon

*one way to remember it is by reciting them with a German accent

sé ven di sal haz ten ve pon

"Say Vin Diesel has ten weapons."

Por and Para

Por

- movement through time and space (around, by, through, along, etc.)

Caminamos por la ciudad.

- duration of an action

Estudiamos por tres horas.

- reason or motive for an action

No podía ver por la lluvia.

- object of search

Fui a la tienda por leche.

- be means of (transportation, communication, etc.)

Hablo con min amigas por teléfono.

- Exchange or substitution

Pagué $50 por mis zapatos.

Estoy enferma.

Peudes trabajar por mi?

Para

- movement to a specific destination

Viajamos para Panamá.

- deadline

La profesora quiere la tarea para el lunes.

- purpose with noun (what something is used for)

La copa es para el vino.

-recipient

Compré una bicicleta para mi hermano.

-comparison or opinion

Jorge esy muy inteligente para un niño.

-employment

Trabajan para Lutheran General.

Reciprocal Reflexives

Use "nos" or "se" and the verb in the corresponding nosotros or ellos, elas, Uds. form to express what epople do to or for each other.

Ex) Nos escribimos.

Ellos se hablan.

The Present Subjunctive

1. begin with "yo" in the present

2. drop the "o"

3. add the appropriate endings

Usage

***You must have 2 different subjects separated by que

- desire

- impersonal impression

Es . . . que . . .