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Flashcards

Th2L01 Nucleic acids (FC)

Usuário eliminado O usuário eliminou as informações de disciplina Inglês 86 flashcards

Th2L01 Nucleic acids (FC)

Flashcards do conjunto (86)

  1. 1PharmacogenomicsWhen our DNA sequence determines whether you respond to a particular drug treatment
  2. 2WHO studied virulent (Smooth) and non-virulent (Rough) strains of Streptococcus pneumonia in mice and demonstrated the principle of transformationGriffith (1928)
  3. 3What is the concept of transformationModification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous (foreign) DNA
  4. 4What is the transforming factor in eukaryotic geneticsDNA
  5. 5Which radioisotope is used to label protein35S can be used to label protein (no sulphur in DNA)
  6. 6Which radioisotope is used to label DNA32P can be used to label DNA (no phosphorus in protein)
  7. 7WHO experimented with radioactively lableled bateriophages (virus that infects bacteria) showing that DNA is the transforming factorHershey and Chase (1952)
  8. 8What are the strongest type of bondscovalent
  9. 9What binds with adeninethymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA)
  10. 10What binds with guaninecytosine
  11. 11A molecule that can be written as several resonance structures of approx. equal energy have greater _________ than those without resonance structuresstability
  12. 12Sugar in sugar-phosphate unit is attached to how many phosphatestwo
  13. 13What charge to phosphates carrynegative
  14. 14What are the purinesguanine, adenine
  15. 15What are the pyrimidinescytosine, thymine, uracil
  16. 16Nitrogenous base with two ring structurepurines
  17. 17Nitrogenous base with single ring structurepyrimidines
  18. 18What is the nucleic acid composition9 purine or 6 pyrimidine atoms + amine (NH2) + methyl (CH3) or carbonyl (C=O) group
  19. 19How is uracil different from thymineOnly found in RNA
    Demethylated form of thymine
  20. 20What makes up a nucleotidesugar, base, phosphateWhat makes up a nucleotide
  21. 21What does ATP stand fordeoxydenosine triphosphate
  22. 22Nucleotides can be attached to WHAT of other nucleotides3' OH groups
  23. 23Nucleotide attachments are catalysed by what enzymepolymerases
  24. 24At 3' 5' - phosphodiester bonds are formed liberating what moleculeinorganic pyrophsphate (PPi)
  25. 255' end of polynucleotide chains containphosphate5' end of polynucleotide chains contain
  26. 263' end polynucleotide chains containhydroxyl group3' end polynucleotide chains contain
  27. 27Criteria for DNA structure (3)○ capable of storing info.
    ○ replication mechanism
    ○ capable of mutation
  28. 28Who solved that DNA has a three dimensional structureWatson and Crick (1953)
  29. 29Whose experimental findings that served as basis for Watson and Crick's hypothesesChargaff and Franklin & Wilkins
  30. 30What are Chargaff's rules (1947) (3)○ the amount of guanine = cytosine (G=C)
    ○ the amount of adenine = tyrosine (A=T)
    ○ the composition of DNA varies from one species to another, with respond to relative amount of A, G, T and C bases (hint to molecular diversity)
  31. 31Percentage of bases in humans30.9% A; 29.4% T; 19.9% G; 19.8% C
  32. 32Who discovered that DNA was helical and the molecule has a diameter of 2 nm and makes a complete turn on the helix every 3.4 nm i.e. RNA has a regular, repeating structure; helical structure; width and spacing of nitrogenous basesFranklin and Wilkin
  33. 33What is the intronucleotide distance0.34nm
  34. 34What is the distance of one full twist of DNA in nt. and nm10 nucleotides per turn; 3.4nm
  35. 35What is the diameter of the helix2.0nm
  36. 36DNA strands are whatin anti-parallel
  37. 37Bases are ________ to the helical axisperpendicular
  38. 38Information in DNA is stored as whata sequence of bases
  39. 39Who discovered: ○ Replication mechanism of DNA - semi-conservative ○ One DNA strand acts as a template for the building of a new strand in replication ○ The parent molecule unwinds and the two new daughter strands are assembled based on base-paring rules (semi-conservative)Mesleson and Stahl (1958)
  40. 40Compression of DNA is mediate by whatproteins
  41. 41What is the chromosome compositionDNA + protein
  42. 42Number of chromosomes in humans46; 22 pairs and XX or XY
  43. 43Number of nucleotide pairs in humans3 x 10^9
  44. 44Meters of DNA in every nucleus1.8m
  45. 45Diameter of nucleus5 micro meters
  46. 46What is the building block of chromatinNucleosome
  47. 47What is nucleosome146bp of DNA wrapped around a protein core of 8 histones which are chromosomal proteins
  48. 48What are the 8 histones2x (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)What are the 8 histones
  49. 49What is special about H1 (histone)○ Not part of nucleosome
    ○ Helps assemble nucleosomes into the 30nm fibre
    ○ Non-chromosomal protein; changes that path DNA takes as it exists the nucleosome core, allowing it to become more compact
  50. 50What is chromatin fibremany nucleosomes packed together; arranged as loops; form chromosome scaffold
  51. 51What is linker DNADNA between nucleosomes (up to 80 nt)
  52. 52What is the composition of a histoneMade of up a high proportion of positively charged amino acids (lysine and arginine)
  53. 53What about histone composition is important to DNA structureThe positive charge helps the histones bind tightly to the negatively charged sugar-phosphate backbone; their amino acid sequence is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes
    They also have a long N-terminal amino acid tail which influences chromatin structure
  54. 54What is condensing chromatin30nm fibre is folded into a series of loops, which are further condensed to produce interphase chromosomes
  55. 55What is the net result of packaging chromatinEach DNA molecule has been packaged into a mitotic chromosome that is 10K shorter than its extended length
  56. 56What are chromatin-remodelling complexesProteins that use ATP hydrolysis to change the position of DNA wrapped around the nucleosome
  57. 57What is the main role of chromatin-remodelling complexesloosening the chromosomal DNA by pushing it along the histone core, this repositioning (sliding) of the nucleosome, exposes the DNA to other DNA-binding proteins
  58. 58What is the role of RNA polymeraselinks together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template.
  59. 59What is the role of Histone acetyltransferase (HAT)Recruit transcriptional co-activators, act in large complexes, recruit RNA polymerase, turn on gene expression
    Lead to the uncoiling of chromatin
  60. 60What is the role of Histone deacetylase (HDAC)remove acetyl groups from histones, which closes chromatin conformation and decreases gene expression
  61. 61What is HeterochromatinDNA that is densely packed around histones
  62. 62Describe the genes in heterochromatinThe genes in heterochromatin are generally inaccessible to enzymes and are turned off
  63. 63What is EuchromatinDNA that is loosely packed around histones
  64. 64Describe the genes in EuchromatinThis DNA is more accessible to enzymes and the genes in euchromatin can be activated if needed.
  65. 65What is Methylationchemical modification of DNA makes that gene less likely to be expressed
  66. 66Number of human genes23,000
  67. 67Average size of a gene (in bases)2,000 bases
  68. 68Humans genes make up about how many nts.4.6 x 10^7 nucleotides
  69. 69What are exonsGenome expressed sequence of DNA
  70. 70Where are exons foundin mature DNA
  71. 71What are intronsSequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
  72. 72Where are introns foundimmature DNA
  73. 73What is repetitive DNANucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome
  74. 74What are the untranscribed regions near genesca. 2% of non-coding regions of DNA
    Areas flanking genes, esp. at the 5' end are important regulatory elements that control the production of mRNA
  75. 75What are two kinds of Retrotransposable elementsLINES and SINES
  76. 76What are LINESViral retrotransposable elements
    Long Interspersed Elements
  77. 77What are SINESNon-viral retrotransposable elements
    Short Interspersed Elements
  78. 78What is Satellite DNAshort sequences of DNA that are tandemly repeated as many as 10 million times in the DNA
  79. 79Where is most satellite DNA locatedin the telomeres
  80. 80What is the role of satellite DNAstructural properties of DNA
  81. 81What is the clinical significance of satellite DNAProvides genetic fingerprint
    Used in paternity testing and forensic science
  82. 82Uncharacterised/junk DNA is whatnon-coding
  83. 83Human genome size3 billion bp
  84. 84Amoeba genome size22x larger than human
    670 billion bp
  85. 85What is the key structure difference between deoxyribose and riboseIn DNA H' is at the 2' position
    In RNA OH' is at the 2' position    What is the key structure difference between deoxyribose and ribose
  86. 86DNA forms ________ outside biological symptomssponatenously

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O usuário eliminou as informações de disciplina FlashCards sobre Th2L01 Nucleic acids (FC), criado por Usuário eliminado em 26-08-2016.
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Usuário eliminado · ago 2016
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27 ago 2016
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  • Criado por Emma Allde · 18 ago 2016
  • Copiado por Emma Allde · 26 ago 2016
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