1_METHODS AND APPROACHES - created from Mind Map

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16. CONTENT BASED INSTRUCTION

9. COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING METHOD

2. THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD

3. THE DIRECT METHOD

18. LEARNER-CENTERED INSTRUCTION

8. SUGGESTOPEDIA

10. THE NATURAL APPROACH

12. THE ECLECTIC APPROACH

5. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE

7. THE SILENT WAY

13.COOPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVE LEARNING

17. TASK BASED INSTRUCTION

11. THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH

1. THE LITERARY METHOD

15. WHOLE LANGUAGE EDUCATION

14. INTERACTIVE LEARNING

4. THE AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD

6.NOTIONAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

JHON ALEXANDER ESTRADA H

Activities: Debates and discussions, work in different matters.

Materials' role: Provide students knowledge about the use of the foreign language on different disciplines

Learner role: autonomous, they empower of their own learning

Aims and objectives: Use the language as a medium to learn about different subjects.

Theory of learning:Students should be involved in relevant content

Theory of language: Language language as a medium to convey relevant and meaningful content.

Teacher role: They should about different disciplines to teach the language

Teacher role: he/she is a counselor. Teacher provides a safe environment in which students can learn and grow

Theory of learning: Language is not just a system for communication, it is vital to consider people's culture, education, etc.

Activities: Group work, free conversation, and interaction.

Aims and objectives: like in a community the teacher transfer his or her knowledge and proficiency to his/her students.

Theory of language: Learning is a social process that involves the whole person.

Materials' role: Materials are developed according to students' needs and their context

Learner role: Learners are members of a community, so it is important to work together and share experiences.

Classroom environment: It is a safe environment, like a family.

Aims and objectives: Provide students a deeper understanding of grammar and promote reading and writing rather than listening and speaking in the foreign language

Learner role: He/she is a consumer of knowledge, is a passive receptor, who reproduce information

Teacher role: He is the owner of knowledge, he decides what content to teach.

Activities: translation on longer texts, and sentences, and reading and some writing exercises

Materials' role: Textbooks provide explanations and isolated examples of grammar rules

Theory of language: language consists of structures and abstract rules.

Theory of learning: Learning as a cognitive faculty that allow students to memorize grammatical rules.

Classroom environment:

Theory of languge: Language is a system that involve codes and comands.

Materials' role: Pictures, objects, and demonstrations.

Teacher role: Teacher takes the control, He should correct pronunciation and grammar mistakes fast.

Learner role: Learners should participate in the classroom and try to interact most of the time.

Activities: Listening comprehension exercises, speech, Question and answers, etc.

Aims and objectives: Encourage oral interaction and spontaneous use of language

Theory of learning: Children learn a foreign language in a natural as they learn their mother tongue

Classroom environment: it is a classroom where students and the teacher interact a lot

Theory of language: Language as a social construction.

Learner role: He/she is creative and innovative

Materials' role: Marials that take into account learners' needs styles and goals.

Theory of learning. Learning involves learners need, styles, etc.

Activities: group work and strategy training

Teacher role:Give students a sense of ownership of their learning.

Aims and objectives: Give students control and responsibility over the language learning process.

Classroom environment: It is a space where student have certain control of the classroom

Learner role: He/she is a passive learner, who waits that music and L2 works on his/her

Activities: Listening exercises under deep relaxation, questions and answers, reading aloud and role play.

Theory of language: Language as a cognitive ability. IT emphasizes the listening skill

Aims and objectives: Get students with high listening and speaking skills.

Teacher role: to create a good environment, choose appropriate material, so he handle the situation at all

Theory of learning: Music has the power to stimulate the human mind, thus learning occurs faster.

Materials' role: Consist of posters, Baroque music, and texts for reading aloud

Classroom environment: It is a comfortable space, that offers relaxation

Aims and objectives: Stimulate in students the use of the basic personal communicative skills in real life situations.

Learner role: He plays an active role, he should try to use language for meaningful communication.

Activities: work in groups, discussions guided by the teacher, ask and answer questions, etc.

Theory of learning: in the learning of L2 there are two ways to develop it.. the first is acquisition (unconscious and natural process) and the second is learning(conscious process)

Theory of language: Language as a serious of stages and it is about meaning and vocabulary while grammar will be acquired through the process

Materials' role: materials come from everyday life, it means, they are meaningful for students, therefore, they promote comprehension and communication

Teacher role: his primary role is to provide comprehensible input, besides, he should spread positive affective factors around the classroom

Classroom environment: It is a supportive environment, it demands low anxiety and positive affection in the classroom.

Activities: work in teams, oral presentations, written and reading activities and so on.

Learning theory: learning involves a set of basic principles of learning and teaching that are in interaction with the classroom practice

Theory of language: Language as an ability to construct meaning and social relations.

Aims and objectives: Teach the language according to a number of experience regarding the context,the students, etc

Learner role: Learners could be play different roles, like receptors, but in others situations could be more active and autonomous.

Teacher role: teachers are facilitators, they also transfer their knowledge.

Materials' role: provide students strategies and activities to facilitate the learning process.

Theory of language: Language is a system of stuctures. and as a code (oral, facial and body expresions)

Learning theory: learning L2 AND L1 is the same, so comprehension is before production.

Teacher role: He/she is active and play a central role in the process, and give instructions through actions

Materials' role: there is no text, at the beginning, voice, action and gestures are sufficient, later, slides, items, etc, could be used.

Aims and objectives: Transmit meaning by actions and teach oral proficiency to students.

Learner role: they are passive, they are listeners and performers.

Activities: Imperative drills to get physical actions from students.

Classroom environment: It should be a wide space, that allow the teacher and their students to move, act and express freely

Materials' role: Physical objects are introduced (colored rod, new items, vocabulary charts, to give students an idea of its meaning.

Teacher role. Teachers must remain in silent most of the time. They just introduce and idea or topic and then they allow students to continue alone.

Learner role: learners are autonomous, independent, therefore they are responsible for their own learning and for their personal growth

Activities: students normally responses to commands, questions and visual cues, in order to shape their speaking and without grammatical explanations.

Theory of learning: second language learning is an intellectual, cognitive process. It is important a self silent reflection, before to produce.

Theory of language: Language as an cognitive ability.

Aims and objectives: Get native fluency, correct pronunciation, handle grammar in context and learner learns how to learn a language (autonomy)

Teacher role: Provides assistance and guidance to their students.

Learner role: Active learner, who constructs knowledge with his peers.

Aims and objectives: Work in groups and support each other

Materials' role: Provide students opportunities to share and support each other

Activities: pair and group work.

Learning theory: Students learn from each other, so learning is a social process.

Theory of language: Language as a tool for interaction

Classroom environment: It is a supportive environment, everybody interact and share with the other in order to help each other

Theory of language: Language as serious of tasks that require all learner abilities.

Theory of learning: the learning process is a set of communicative tasks that improve learning.

Activities: Real world activities, problems to solve, drills.

Materials' role: provide students real language experiences

Teacher role: Modeling, design effective tasks

Aims and objectives: Engage learners in different task that involve real contexts

Learner role: learners play an active role.

Activities: Debates, team work and all tasks that involve sharing and interaction.

learning theory: Learning involves real communication, so it occurs better when learners are exposed to meaningful tasks.

Theory of language: Language is socially construct, so it requires interaction and meaningful communication with the other.

Aims and objectives: Promote the communicative competence, and the effective use of language functions rather than grammar rules.

Learner role: Learner as negotiator and interactor, who receive but also produce knowledge.

Teacher role: Teacher is a facilitator of the communication, he provides meaningful situation and tasks, besides he is a counselor and a model.

Materials' role: material is authentic, it promotes communicative language.

Classroom environment: it is a place that demands lot of interaction

Aims and objectives: Apply the grammar rules for translation and reading and writing exercises

Activities: Translating sentences, texts, and memorization

Learner role: He/she is a recipient, who memorize many grammar structures to apply them as their were taught

Teacher role: he/she provide student all the knowledge about the language and he has to correct students errors immediately.

Materials' role: Provide texts to translate and for reading exercises. And explanation of grammar use.

Theory of language: Language as system, it is a set of grammar structures

Theory of learning: Learning involves to memorize and master grammar structures. vocabulary, etc.

Classroom environment: All in the classroom is under the control of the teacher.

Activities: Debates, discussion.

Theory of language: Learning involves to construct meaning and to construct reality:

Learning theory: language is perceived in a holistic perspective (all language skills are integrated)

Materials' role: Provide students real material, to discuss about it

Teacher role: Present their students the language as a whole and teach them how to integrate all skills and to empower their learners to themselves from social forces.

Learner role: Is active learner and also is critical.

Aims and objectives: Build meaningful connections between everyday learning and school learning

Classroom environment: It is a reflective environment, where learners reflect about language and society.

Theory of learning: (Interaction Hypothesis) Significant input and output develop and improve learners communicative abilities.

Theory of language: Language is a social construction, it means "give and take"

Aims and objectives: Create opportunities for genuine interaction in the classroom.

Activities: Pair and group work and production of oral and written tasks for real audiences.

Materials' role: Provide students authentic material to prepare them for real communication

Teacher role: his/her role is like a mediator and a model who provides learning and communication opportunities and

Learner role: Students play an active role

Learning theory: learn habits by practicing, it implies repetition. Introduce oral language before written.

Learner role: they are passive, they are trained and directed by the teacher to produce correct responses.

Teacher role: He is active and a central agent who provides a model.

Materials' role: Tapes and visuals in order to provide a model of speaking and enhance students listening

Activities:Repetition and memorization, and dialogues and drills.

Theory of language: Language is a set of establish rules.

Aims and objectives: Control of sound structures and forms. one of his goals is native- speaker mastery

Materials' role: Textbooks provide useful expression for students

Activities: pair and group work, and role play.

Theory of learning: learning a language involves several functions used in culture encounters.

Theory of language: Language is a st of of functions.

Teacher role: Give students tools for interaction

Aims and objectives: Promote English proficiency through the use of functions of language

Learner role: learners are able to express their ideas feelings etc using functions of language.