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W9: Wakefulness and sleep test

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HPS775 (Week 09: Wakefulness and sleep) Quiz sobre W9: Wakefulness and sleep test, criado por wadey em 11-10-2014.
wadey
Quiz por wadey, atualizado more than 1 year ago
wadey
Criado por wadey mais de 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last about a day
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 2

Questão
The dominant zeitegeber for land animals is light.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 3

Questão
Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 4

Questão
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 5

Questão
Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 6

Questão
Dreams only occur during REM sleep
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 7

Questão
The regular use of tranquillisers can result in insomnia
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 8

Questão
Narcolepsy is a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 9

Questão
In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 10

Questão
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 11

Questão
If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory readiness?
Responda
  • At approximately the correct time of year for migration
  • At random intervals throughout the year
  • Steadily at all times
  • Never

Questão 12

Questão
Circadian cycles are to _____ as circannual cycles are to _____.
Responda
  • Mating; hibernating
  • Daily; yearly
  • Light-Dark; temperature
  • Endogenous; exogenous

Questão 13

Questão
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
Responda
  • Migration
  • Mating
  • Sleep
  • Storage of body fat

Questão 14

Questão
A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:
Responda
  • Mid to late afternoon
  • In the middle of the night
  • About the time of awakening
  • Mid-morning

Questão 15

Questão
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
Responda
  • For sleep and body temperature only
  • For a variety of activities, including sleep
  • Only for their sleep/activity cycle
  • Only for frequency of eating and drinking

Questão 16

Questão
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?
Responda
  • They complain that they have difficulty waking up
  • They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours
  • It does not affect them in any way
  • They complain that they cannot sleep

Questão 17

Questão
An astronaut orbiting the dart experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45 minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen?
Responda
  • They are able to sleep during rest periods
  • They sleep poorly during rest periods
  • The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development
  • They are fully alert during wakeful periods

Questão 18

Questão
What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?
Responda
  • They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g., 25)
  • They fail to adjust at all
  • Within a few days, they adjust to waking and sleeping on the new schedule, whatever it is
  • They adjust better if the cycle is some multiple of 24 (e.g., 48)

Questão 19

Questão
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:
Responda
  • Have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
  • Allow them to catnap
  • Expose them to bright lights while they work
  • Keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day

Questão 20

Questão
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
Responda
  • Lateral hypothalamus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Caudate nucleus

Questão 21

Questão
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
Responda
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Caudate nucleus

Questão 22

Questão
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Responda
  • Generate the circadian rhythm
  • Generate the circannual rhythm
  • Coordinate several biological clocks
  • Feed visual information to the biological clock

Questão 23

Questão
The input form the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
Responda
  • Cones and rods equally
  • Rods only
  • Cones only
  • Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods

Questão 24

Questão
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of:
Responda
  • Stage 3 and 4
  • REM sleep
  • Alpha wave sleep
  • Stages 1 and 2

Questão 25

Questão
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
Responda
  • Neurons are becoming more desynchronised
  • Blood flow is increasing
  • The EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases
  • Neurons are becoming more synchronised

Questão 26

Questão
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
Responda
  • Regular, low-voltage slow waves
  • Irregular, low voltage fast waves
  • Regular, high-voltage slow waves
  • Irregular, high-voltage slow waves

Questão 27

Questão
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Responda
  • Decreased firing by dopamine neurons
  • Increased firing by GABA neurons
  • Cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons
  • Increased firing by dopamine neurons

Questão 28

Questão
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
Responda
  • Occipital illusions
  • Pseudo-psychedelic visions
  • Hypnagogic hallucinations
  • Idiopathic-hallucinations

Questão 29

Questão
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to:
Responda
  • Insomnia
  • Periodic limb movement disorder
  • Sleep apnea
  • Narcolepsy

Questão 30

Questão
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
Responda
  • Restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness
  • Enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past
  • Conserve energy
  • Promote brain development

Questão 31

Questão
Research suggests that _____ sleep is the most important for strengthening memories of motor skills
Responda
  • Deep
  • REM
  • Stage II
  • Stage I

Questão 32

Questão
During dreaming, which of the following area(s) continue to be highly active?
Responda
  • The areas of the prefrontal cortex that are key to working memory
  • The primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex
  • The hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas
  • The primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus

Questão 33

Questão
A free-running rhythm is a rhythm that:
Responda
  • Occurs when specific stimuli reset or alter it
  • Occurs when stimuli do not alter it
  • Occurs when stimuli reset or alter it
  • Occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

Questão 34

Questão
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:
Responda
  • Cannot generate biological rhythms
  • Still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark
  • Still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
  • Still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light

Questão 35

Questão
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Responda
  • Coordinate several biological clocks
  • Feed visual information to the biological clock
  • Generate the circadian rhythm
  • Generate circannual rhythms

Questão 36

Questão
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
Responda
  • Retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
  • Occipital cortex
  • SCN
  • LGN

Questão 37

Questão
When do secretions of melatonin begin?
Responda
  • Just before a person wakes
  • When body temperature is at its lowest
  • When body temperature is at its highest
  • A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

Questão 38

Questão
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
Responda
  • NREM sleep
  • Nightmares
  • Relaxed wakefulness
  • Periods of great excitement

Questão 39

Questão
What are symptoms of paradoxical sleep?
Responda
  • Alpha waves
  • Stages 1 and 2
  • Stages 3 and 4
  • REM sleep

Questão 40

Questão
The _____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain
Responda
  • Reticular formation
  • Tectum
  • Tegmentum
  • Thalamus

Questão 41

Questão
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
Responda
  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin

Questão 42

Questão
REM sleep is associated with:
Responda
  • Tension and activity of the postural muscles
  • PGO waves in the brain
  • A highly synchronised EEG pattern
  • Decreased heart rate

Questão 43

Questão
Sleep apnea is:
Responda
  • Involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep
  • Inability to breathe while sleeping
  • Tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day
  • Same as sleep-talking

Questão 44

Questão
What is narcolepsy?
Responda
  • Sleepwalking
  • The inability to breathe while sleeping
  • Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
  • Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Questão 45

Questão
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus called the:
Responda
  • a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  • b. Superior colliculus
  • c. Substantia nigra
  • d. Inferior colliculus

Questão 46

Questão
Which stage of sleep involves sleep spindles, K-complexes and bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
Responda
  • a. Stage 1
  • b. Stage 2
  • c. Stages 3 & 4
  • d. REM sleep

Questão 47

Questão
Which of the following are possible reasons for why we sleep FALSE?
Responda
  • a. To save energy
  • b. To improve memory
  • c. To make sense of the world
  • d. To help us predict the future

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