Neuroanatomy

1. 1Vertebrae C3-C6
   The transverse foramen is found in the transverse process of the vertebra. Its contents are:
   The vertebral [blank_start]artery[blank_end] and [blank_start]vein[blank_end]
   Vertebral [blank_start]sympathetics[blank_end]
   

   1. Avein
   2. Bartery
   3. Csympathetics
2. 2C1/ Atlas
   Atypical vertebrae; Has no body.
   Consists of an [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] and [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] [blank_start]arch[blank_end] and [blank_start]tubercle[blank_end]
   Articulates with the [blank_start]occiput[blank_end] of the head and the axis vertebrae, C2
   Instead of a body it has [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]masses[blank_end] connected by the anterior and posterior arch.
   Each lateral mass has a superior facet to articulate with the occipital condyles and an inferior facet to articulate with C2.
   The anterior arch has a facet for articulation with the [blank_start]dens[blank_end] of the axis. This is secured by the [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] ligament of the atlas.
   

   1. Aanterior
   2. Bposterior
   3. Carch
   4. Dtubercle
   5. Eocciput
   6. Flateral
   7. Gmasses
   8. Hdens
   9. Itransverse
3. 3C2/ Axis is identifiable due to its dens
   The dens extend [blank_start]superiorly[blank_end] from the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] portion of the vertebra which articulates with the anterior arch of atlas, creating the medial [blank_start]atlanto-axial[blank_end] joint.
   

   1. Asuperiorly
   2. Banterior
   3. Catlanto-axial
4. 4The vertebral arteries arise from the [blank_start]subclavian[blank_end] arteries.
   They course along the [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] aspect of the neck to merge within the skull into the singular [blank_start]basilar[blank_end] artery at the base of the [blank_start]pons[blank_end].
   

   1. Asubclavian
   2. Blateral
   3. Cbasilar
   4. Dpons
5. 5vertebral arteries
   travel through the [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] [blank_start]foramina[blank_end] of the cervical vertebrae with the vertebral vein and sympathetic nerves.
   At C7 it passes around the vertebrae rather than through the foramen
   At C1 it traces across the posterior arch and goes into the [blank_start]suboccipital[blank_end] triangle, then enter the [blank_start]foramen magnum[blank_end]
   

   1. Aforamen magnum
   2. Bsuboccipital
   3. Ctransverse
   4. Dforamina
6. 6There are [blank_start]8[blank_end] spinal nerves connected to [blank_start]7[blank_end] cervical vertebrae.
   
   

   1. A8
   2. B7
7. 7Spinal nerves:
   [blank_start]C7[blank_end] has a set of spinal nerves above and below.
   The anterior divisions of C1-C4 nerves form the [blank_start]cervical plexus[blank_end], within the prevertebral fascia of the [blank_start]cervical[blank_end] fascia.
   

   1. Acervical plexus
   2. Bcervical
   3. CC7
8. 8sensory branches of the cervical plexus:
   
   

   1. ATransverse cervical
   2. BNerves to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
   3. CSupraclavicular nerve
   4. DLesser occipital nerve
   5. EPhrenic nerve
   6. FAnsa cervicalis
   7. GGreater auricular
9. 9In order from inside to out, the spinal meninges are three membranes surrounding the spinal cord:
   The [blank_start]pia[blank_end] mater
   The [blank_start]arachnoid[blank_end] mater
   The [blank_start]dura[blank_end] mater
   

   1. Apia
   2. Barachnoid
   3. Cdura
10. 10pia mater thickens between the nerve roots to form [blank_start]denticulate[blank_end] ligaments

    1. Adenticulate

11. 11The arterial supply to the spinal cord is via three longitudinal arteries – the [blank_start]anterior spinal[blank_end] artery and the [blank_start]paired posterior spinal[blank_end] arteries.
    

    1. Aanterior spinal
    2. Bpaired posterior spinal
12. 12The skull is composed of numerous bones joined together by [blank_start]sutures[blank_end]; [blank_start]sutures[blank_end] are [blank_start]fibrous[blank_end] joints, which fuse during adulthood to permit adolescent brain growth.
    

    1. Afibrous
    2. Bsutures
    3. Csutures
13. 13Bones can be grouped into those of the [blank_start]viscerocranium[blank_end] (face) and those of the [blank_start]neurocranium[blank_end] (skullcap (calvarium) and cranial base)
    

    1. Aviscerocranium
    2. Bneurocranium
14. 14Main sutures:
    [blank_start]Coronal[blank_end]: fuses frontal to the two parietal bones
    [blank_start]Sagittal[blank_end]: fuses both parietal bones together
    [blank_start]Lambdoid[blank_end]: occipital bone fused to the two parietal bones.

    1. ACoronal
    2. BSagittal
    3. CLambdoid
15. 15Deep cervical fascia lies deep to the superficial fascia and platysma.
    It has 4 layers:
    I: [blank_start]Investing[blank_end] layer of deep cervical fascia
    PV: [blank_start]Prevertebral[blank_end] fascia
    PT: [blank_start]Pretracheal[blank_end] fascia
    C: [blank_start]Carotid sheath[blank_end]
    
    
    

    

    1. AInvesting
    2. BPrevertebral
    3. CPretracheal
    4. DCarotid sheath
16. 16Contents of the carotid sheath:
    Artery: [blank_start]Common carotid[blank_end]
    Nerve: [blank_start]Vagus[blank_end]
    Vein: [blank_start]Internal jugular[blank_end]
    [blank_start]cervical[blank_end] lymph nodes
    

    1. ACommon carotid
    2. BVagus
    3. CInternal jugular
    4. Dcervical
17. 17Sternocleidomastoid
    Innervation:
    In the neck, the [blank_start]accessory[blank_end] nerve crosses the internal jugular vein around the level of the posterior belly of [blank_start]digastric[blank_end] muscle.
    
    As it courses downwards, the nerve pierces through the sternocleidomastoid muscle and sends it motor branches, then continues down until it reaches the [blank_start]trapezius[blank_end] muscle to provide motor innervation to its upper part.
    

    1. Aaccessory
    2. Bdigastric
    3. Ctrapezius
18. 18Clinical:
    One-sided weakness of the trapezius may indicate injury to the nerve on the [blank_start]same[blank_end] side of an injury to the spinal accessory nerve on the same side of the body being assessed.

    1. Asame
19. 19Weakness in head-turning suggests injury to the contralateral spinal [blank_start]accessory[blank_end] nerve: a weak leftward turn is indicative of a weak [blank_start]right[blank_end] sternocleidomastoid muscle (and thus right spinal [blank_start]accessory[blank_end] nerve injury)

    1. Aright
    2. Baccessory
    3. Caccessory
20. 20Anterior triangle
    Superior border: inferior border of [blank_start]mandible[blank_end]
    Lateral border: anterior border of [blank_start]sternocleidomastoid[blank_end]
    Medial border: midline of neck
    

    1. Amandible
    2. Bsternocleidomastoid
21. 21Carotid Triangle
    The carotid triangle of the neck has the following boundaries:
    Superior: [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] belly of the [blank_start]digastric[blank_end] muscle.
    Lateral: medial border of the [blank_start]sternocleidomastoid[blank_end] muscle.
    Inferior: superior belly of the [blank_start]omohyoid[blank_end] muscle.
    

    1. Aposterior
    2. Bdigastric
    3. Csternocleidomastoid
    4. Domohyoid
22. 22Submental Triangle
    Situated underneath the chin.
    It contains the [blank_start]submental[blank_end] lymph nodes, which filter lymph draining from the floor of the mouth and parts of the tongue.
    It is bounded:
    Inferiorly: [blank_start]hyoid[blank_end] bone.
    Medially: midline of the neck.
    Laterally: [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] belly of the [blank_start]digastric[blank_end]

    1. Ahyoid
    2. Banterior
    3. Cdigastric
    4. Dsubmental
23. 23The submandibular triangle is located underneath the body of the mandible. It contains the [blank_start]submandibular[blank_end] gland (salivary), and lymph nodes.
    The facial artery and vein also pass through this area.
    The boundaries of the submandibular triangle are:
    Superiorly: body of the [blank_start]mandible[blank_end].
    Anteriorly: anterior belly of the [blank_start]digastric[blank_end] muscle.
    Posteriorly: posterior belly of the [blank_start]digastric[blank_end] muscle.
    

    

    1. Amandible
    2. Bdigastric
    3. Cdigastric
    4. Dsubmandibular
24. 24The accessory nerve (CN XI) exits the cranial cavity, descends down the neck, innervates [blank_start]sternocleidomastoid[blank_end] and enters the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] triangle.
    It crosses the posterior triangle in an oblique, inferoposterior direction, within the [blank_start]investing[blank_end] layer of fascia.
    It lies relatively superficially in the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] triangle, leaving it vulnerable to injury.
    The [blank_start]cervical[blank_end] plexus forms within the muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle.

    1. Asternocleidomastoid
    2. Bposterior
    3. Cinvesting
    4. Dposterior
    5. Ecervical
25. 25Virchow’s node is a supraclavicular node which receives lymph drainage from the [blank_start]abdominal[blank_end] cavity.
    

    1. Aabdominal
26. 26Temporal fossa
    Contents:
    [blank_start]Temporalis[blank_end] muscle
    [blank_start]Deep temporal[blank_end] nerves and arteries
    [blank_start]Superficial[blank_end] temporal artery
    

    

    1. ATemporalis
    2. BDeep temporal
    3. CSuperficial
27. 27Temporal fossa borders:
    
    Medial wall:
    [blank_start]Pterygomaxillary[blank_end] fissure and lateral pterygoid plate
    Lateral: [blank_start]Ramus[blank_end] of the mandible
    Anterior: Maxilla, [blank_start]zygomatic[blank_end] arch
    Superior border: Temporal and [blank_start]sphenoid[blank_end] bones
    Inferior border: Along the [blank_start]zygomatic[blank_end] arch
    

    

    1. APterygomaxillary
    2. BRamus
    3. Czygomatic
    4. Dsphenoid
    5. Ezygomatic
28. 28Infratemporal fossa:
    Contents:
    Lateral [blank_start]pterygoid[blank_end] muscle (splits fossa in half), Medial pterygoid muscle
    [blank_start]Mandibular[blank_end] nerve (chorda tympani branch of facial CN VII) and [blank_start]otic[blank_end] ganglion
    [blank_start]Maxillary[blank_end] artery
    Pterygoid venous plexus (drains the eye)
    [blank_start]Sphenomandibular[blank_end] ligament
    
    

    

    1. Apterygoid
    2. BMandibular
    3. Cotic
    4. DMaxillary
    5. ESphenomandibular
29. 29Trigeminal nerve:
    The mandibular branch of trigeminal exits the cranium at foramen [blank_start]rotundum[blank_end], and enters the [blank_start]infratemporal[blank_end] fossa.

    1. Arotundum
    2. Binfratemporal
30. 30Trigeminal nerve branches:
    [blank_start]Ophthalmic[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Maxillary[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Mandibular[blank_end] division
    

    1. AOphthalmic
    2. BMaxillary
    3. CMandibular
31. 31branches of Mandibular nerve CN V3
    Motor: innervate muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch
    Sensory:
    Posterior division: all sensory except branch to mylohyoid
    MAIL:
    [blank_start]Mylohyoid[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Auriculotemporal[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Inferior[blank_end] alveolar nerve
    [blank_start]Lingual[blank_end] nerve
    

    

    1. AMylohyoid
    2. BAuriculotemporal
    3. CInferior
    4. DLingual
32. 32Chorda tympani is a branch of the [blank_start]facial[blank_end] nerve that traverses the [blank_start]middle[blank_end] ear cavity and the infratemporal fossa and supplies [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] fibres to the sublingual and submandibular glands and sensory fibres to the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] part of the tongue
    

    1. Afacial
    2. Bmiddle
    3. Cautonomic
    4. Danterior
33. 33The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the first part maxillary artery which goes through foramen [blank_start]spinosum[blank_end]
    

    1. Aspinosum
34. 34A hard blow to the temple would cause trauma to the:

    1. AAnterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
    2. BMeningeal branches of vertebral artery
    3. CPosterior meningeal artery
    4. DMiddle meningeal artery
35. 35[blank_start]Pterygoid[blank_end] plexus of veins drains the areas supplied by the [blank_start]maxillary[blank_end] artery and is connected by [blank_start]emissary[blank_end] (valveless) veins to the cavernous sinus
    
    
    

    

    1. APterygoid
    2. Bmaxillary
    3. Cemissary
36. 36Pterygopalatine fossa
    Bilateral cone shaped depression from the [blank_start]infratemporal[blank_end] fossa to the nasal cavity via the [blank_start]sphenopalatine[blank_end] foramen
    Contents:
    [blank_start]Maxillary[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Pterygopalatine[blank_end] ganglion
    

    1. Ainfratemporal
    2. Bsphenopalatine
    3. CMaxillary
    4. DPterygopalatine
37. 37Maxillary artery
    Terminal branch of external [blank_start]carotid[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Sphenopalatine[blank_end] artery (anastomoses with the greater palatine artery at the nasal septum in little’s area)
    Descending palatine artery
    Infra [blank_start]orbital[blank_end] artery
    Posterior superior [blank_start]alveolar[blank_end] artery
    

    1. ASphenopalatine
    2. Borbital
    3. Calveolar
    4. Dcarotid
38. 38Temporomandibular joint:
    Atypical [blank_start]synovial[blank_end] (fibrocartilage)
    

    1. Asynovial
39. 39Layers of the scalp:
    SCALP
    [blank_start]Skin[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Connective[blank_end] tissue layer (dense)
    [blank_start]Aponeurosis[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Loose[blank_end] connective tissue
    [blank_start]Periosteum[blank_end]
    

    1. ASkin
    2. BConnective
    3. CAponeurosis
    4. DLoose
    5. EPeriosteum
40. 40[blank_start]Cephalohematoma[blank_end] is a collection of blood between a baby's scalp and the skull. Damaged blood vessels release the blood, and the blood pools into a mass under the skin of the scalp.

    1. ACephalohematoma
41. 41[blank_start]Subgaleal[blank_end] haematoma describes scalp bleeding in the potential space between the [blank_start]periosteum[blank_end] and the galea aponeurosis. It is a rare but possibly lethal emergency.

    1. ASubgaleal
    2. Bperiosteum
42. 42Superficial temporal supplies most of the scalp. Two at the front are branches of internal carotid, everything else- external carotid.
    external carotid artery branches:
    superficial [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] artery
    occipital artery
    posterior [blank_start]auricular[blank_end] artery
    
    internal carotid artery branches:
    [blank_start]supraorbital[blank_end] artery
    supratrochlear artery
    
    

    1. Asupraorbital
    2. Bauricular
    3. Ctemporal
43. 43[blank_start]Mastoid[blank_end] process not formed in children, which protects the facial nerve, so forceps delivery can damage the nerve.
    

    1. AMastoid
44. 44Extracranial branches of the facial nerve, TZBMC:
    [blank_start]Temporal[blank_end] branch
    [blank_start]Zygomatic[blank_end] branch
    [blank_start]Buccal[blank_end] branch
    [blank_start]Marginal[blank_end] mandibular branch
    [blank_start]Cervical[blank_end] branch
    

    1. ATemporal
    2. BZygomatic
    3. CBuccal
    4. DMarginal
    5. ECervical
45. 45The parotid gland is a bilateral salivary gland located in the face. It produces [blank_start]serous saliva[blank_end], rich in enzymes. This is then secreted into the oral cavity.
    The secretions of the parotid gland are transported to the oral cavity by the [blank_start]Stensen[blank_end] duct. It arises from the anterior surface of the gland, traversing the [blank_start]masseter[blank_end] muscle. The duct then pierces the buccinator, moving medially. It opens out into the oral cavity near the second upper [blank_start]molar[blank_end].
    

    1. Aserous saliva
    2. BStensen
    3. Cmasseter
    4. Dmolar
46. 46in patients presenting with parotitis, the pain produced can be referred to the external ear. This is because the [blank_start]auriculotemporal[blank_end] nerve provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland and the external ear.
    
    

    1. Aauriculotemporal
47. 47The [blank_start]hyoid[blank_end] is a horseshoe shaped bone suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone by the [blank_start]stylohyoid[blank_end] ligaments. It has a large number of muscular attachments:
    Superior
    Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
    Hyoglossus muscle
    Genioglossus
    Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
    Suprahyoid muscles
    

    1. Ahyoid
    2. Bstylohyoid
48. 48Submandibular gland:
    Hook-shaped gland, with a deep and superficial arm located in the anterior [blank_start]submandibular[blank_end] triangle. Its secretions travel into the oral cavity via [blank_start]Wharton’s[blank_end] duct which opens at 1-3 orifices at a sublingual papilla bilaterally at the base of the [blank_start]frenulum[blank_end].
    

    1. Asubmandibular
    2. BWharton’s
    3. Cfrenulum
49. 49Branches of the external carotid:
    Inferior to superior in each group:
    Anterior branches: superior [blank_start]thyroid[blank_end], lingual, [blank_start]facial[blank_end], arteries
    Posterior branches: occipital, posterior [blank_start]auricular[blank_end] arteries.
    Medial branch: ascending [blank_start]pharyngeal[blank_end] artery.
    

    1. Athyroid
    2. Bfacial
    3. Cauricular
    4. Dpharyngeal
50. 50hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla (brainstem), passes through the [blank_start]hypoglossal[blank_end] canal, goes down through the neck, receiving a branch of the [blank_start]cervical[blank_end] plexus as it does so.
    It then passes up again over the tongue, inferior to the angle of the mandible to supply muscles of the [blank_start]tongue[blank_end]
    

    1. Ahypoglossal
    2. Bcervical
    3. Ctongue
51. 51There are 4 paired intrinsic muscles of the tonuge named after the direction in which they travel:
    Superior and Inferior [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] muscles
    [blank_start]Transverse[blank_end] muscles
    [blank_start]Vertical[blank_end] muscles
    

    1. Alongitudinal
    2. BTransverse
    3. CVertical
52. 52Extrinsic muscles of the tongue:
    [blank_start]Genioglossus[blank_end]
    Hyoglossus
    [blank_start]Styloglossus[blank_end]
    Palatoglossus

    1. AGenioglossus
    2. BStyloglossus
53. 53Innervation:
    To the anterior ⅔, general sensation is supplied by the [blank_start]lingual[blank_end] nerve, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal.
    Touch sensation in the anterior ⅔ is supplied by the facial nerve branch the [blank_start]chorda tympani[blank_end].
    At the posterior ½ of the tongue, both touch and taste are supplied by the [blank_start]hypoglossal[blank_end] nerve.
    

    1. Ahypoglossal
    2. Blingual
    3. Cchorda tympani
54. 54Mouth
    Boundaries: Lips to [blank_start]palatoglossal[blank_end] arches
    Opposite the upper [blank_start]second[blank_end] molar tooth the duct of the parotid gland opens out into the vestibule, secreting salivary juices
    

    1. Apalatoglossal
    2. Bsecond
55. 55In the mouth, [blank_start]Mylohyoid[blank_end] muscles form a muscular diaphragm, providing support to the floor of the mouth
    [blank_start]Geniohyoid[blank_end] pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
    

    1. AMylohyoid
    2. BGeniohyoid
56. 56Extrinsic muscles of the tongue change their position, intrinsic muscles change shape.
    Extrinsic muscles:
    [blank_start]Genioglossus[blank_end] (inferior fibres protrude, middle fibres depress, superior fibres draw the tip back and down)
    [blank_start]Hyoglossus[blank_end] (depresses tongue)
    [blank_start]Styloglossus[blank_end] (retracts and elevates tongue)
    [blank_start]Palatoglossus[blank_end] (elevates posterior aspect of tongue)
    

    1. AHyoglossus
    2. BGenioglossus
    3. CStyloglossus
    4. DPalatoglossus
57. 57Innervation:
    Anterior ⅔ general sensation: [blank_start]lingual[blank_end] nerve, which is a branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3)
    Taste anterior ⅔: [blank_start]chorda[blank_end] [blank_start]tympani[blank_end] branch of facial nerve
    Posterior ⅓ touch & taste: both by [blank_start]glossopharyngeal[blank_end] nerve
    

    1. Alingual
    2. Bchorda
    3. Ctympani
    4. Dglossopharyngeal
58. 58[blank_start]Wharton's[blank_end] duct (submandibular duct) drains saliva from the submandibular glands
    The [blank_start]lingual[blank_end] nerve goes under then back over the duct towards the anterior part of the tongue.
    

    1. AWharton's
    2. Blingual
59. 59The pharynx begins at the skull base and extends down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of C [blank_start]6[blank_end].
    The nasopharynx is located between the base of the skull and the soft palate. It is Filled with [blank_start]respiratory[blank_end] [blank_start]epithelium[blank_end] and contains the adenoid tonsils.
    Laryngopharynx is the more distal part of the pharynx, located between the superior border of the epiglottis and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage at C6 it is continuous inferiorly with the [blank_start]epiglottis[blank_end] and is found posterior to the larynx
    It communicates with the larynx via the laryngeal inlet. The [blank_start]pyriform[blank_end] [blank_start]fossae[blank_end] are located lateral to the laryngeal inlet.
    The laryngopharynx contains the middle/ inferior pharyngeal constrictors

    1. A6
    2. Brespiratory
    3. Cepithelium
    4. Depiglottis
    5. Epyriform
    6. Ffossae
60. 60[blank_start]Waldeyer’s[blank_end] [blank_start]ring[blank_end] is a ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso/ oropharynx which is formed by the paired palatine tonsils, adenoids and the lingual tonsil.
    

    1. AWaldeyer’s
    2. Bring
61. 61The [blank_start]glossopharyngeal[blank_end] nerve supplies sensory innervation to the oropharynx, and thus carries the afferent information for the gag reflex.
    When a foreign object touches the back of the mouth, this stimulates CNIX, beginning the reflex.
    The efferent nerve in this process is the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve, CNX.
    An absent gag reflex signifies damage to the [blank_start]glossopharyngeal[blank_end] nerve.
    

    1. Aglossopharyngeal
    2. Bvagus
    3. Cglossopharyngeal
62. 62Nasal cavity
    The nasal cavity can be divided into:
    the [blank_start]vestibule[blank_end] (anterior external opening to the nasal cavity)
    the respiratory region
    the [blank_start]olfactory[blank_end] region (most superior)
    
    Nasal conchae:
    Projecting from the lateral walls of the cavity are the conchae/ turbinates, curved shelves of bones.
    There are three: superior, middle, inferior.
    They create four pathways for air to flow, called meatuses:
    Inferior meatus
    Middle meatus
    Superior meatus
    [blank_start]Spheno[blank_end]-[blank_start]ethmoidal[blank_end] meatus
    

    1. Avestibule
    2. Bolfactory
    3. CSpheno
    4. Dethmoidal
63. 63Blood supply to the nose /Facial arteries and veins
    ICA branches
    Anterior and posterior [blank_start]ethmoidal[blank_end] arteries
    
    ECA branches
    [blank_start]Sphenopalatine[blank_end] artery
    Greater palatine artery
    Superior labial artery
    Lateral [blank_start]nasal[blank_end] arteries
    
    These arteries anastomose with each other, in Little's area
    

    1. Aethmoidal
    2. BSphenopalatine
    3. Cnasal
64. 64The nasal epithelium is separated into respiratory and olfactory regions.
    Respiratory region: lined by a [blank_start]ciliated[blank_end] [blank_start]pseudostratified[blank_end] epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting [blank_start]goblet[blank_end] cells.
    Olfactory region: located at the apex of the nasal cavity. It is lined by olfactory cells with olfactory receptors
    
    

    1. Apseudostratified
    2. Bciliated
    3. Cgoblet
65. 65General sensory in the nose is provided by the [blank_start]nasopalatine[blank_end] nerve (branch of maxillary, CNV2) and [blank_start]nasociliary[blank_end] nerve, CNV1.
    

    1. Anasopalatine
    2. Bnasociliary
66. 66Sinuses:
    Frontal sinus: drain into the nasal cavity via the [blank_start]frontonasal[blank_end] duct, which opens out at the hiatus semilunaris at the lateral wall
    [blank_start]Sphenoid[blank_end] sinuses: Drain into the roof of the NC
    Ethmoidal sinuses: Empty into the nasal cavity at different places:
    Anterior: [blank_start]hiatus[blank_end] semilunaris
    Middle: ethmoid [blank_start]bulla[blank_end]
    Posterior: superior meatus
    Maxillary sinuses: Drains into the NC at the hiatus semilunaris underneath the frontal sinus opening.
    
    

    1. ASphenoid
    2. Bfrontonasal
    3. Cbulla
    4. Dhiatus
67. 67Laryngeal cartilages:
    Thyroid, Cricoid and Arytenoid are made of [blank_start]Hyaline[blank_end] cartilage
    Epiglottis, Corniculate and Cuneiform are made of [blank_start]elastic[blank_end] cartilage
    

    1. AHyaline
    2. Belastic
68. 68The larynx receives motor and sensory innervation via branches of the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve
    [blank_start]Recurrent[blank_end] laryngeal nerve: sensory to the infraglottic and motor to the internal muscles except [blank_start]cricothyroid[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Superior[blank_end] laryngeal nerves: Internal branch gives sensory to supraglottis and external branch gives motor to cricothyroid muscle
    
    

    1. Avagus
    2. BRecurrent
    3. CSuperior
    4. Dcricothyroid
69. 69The Cricoid is a complete ring of [blank_start]hyaline[blank_end] cartilage, with an anterior [blank_start]arch[blank_end] and a large posterior [blank_start]lamina[blank_end].
    Completely encircles the airway, marks inferior border of the larynx at [blank_start]C6[blank_end]
    

    1. Ahyaline
    2. BC6
    3. Carch
    4. Dlamina
70. 70Semon's law: in a progressive lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the [blank_start]abductors[blank_end] are paralysed before the [blank_start]adductors[blank_end].
    

    1. Aabductors
    2. Badductors
71. 71Arterial supply to the pharynx
    Above the cords:
    [blank_start]Superior[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end], branch of the external carotid
    elow the cords:
    [blank_start]Inferior[blank_end] [blank_start]laryngeal[blank_end], branch of the inferior thyroid
    
    

    1. ASuperior
    2. Blaryngeal
    3. CInferior
    4. Dlaryngeal
72. 72The meninges has 3 layers:
    [blank_start]Pia[blank_end] [blank_start]Arachnoid[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Dura[blank_end]
    (inside to outside)
    
    The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and pia, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
    Arteries run in the subarachnoid space.
    

    1. APia
    2. BArachnoid
    3. CDura
73. 73The Dura made of dense, tough connective tissue, which fits tightly to the skull.
    [blank_start]Falx[blank_end] [blank_start]cerebri[blank_end] is the largest dural fold, separates the cerebral hemispheres. It attaches to the crista galli of the [blank_start]ethmoid[blank_end] bone and posteriorly it attaches to the anterior part of tentorium cerebelli and it attaches superiorly to the midline of the cranium and extends posteriorly to attach to the internal occipital protuberance.
    
    [blank_start]Tentorium[blank_end] [blank_start]cerebelli[blank_end] lies in the axial plane, and is the second largest dural fold. Divides the cranial cavity into the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments.

    1. AFalx
    2. Bcerebri
    3. Cethmoid
    4. DTentorium
    5. Ecerebelli
74. 74The dura has two layers:
    The outer periosteal layer
    The inner meningeal layer
    Venous sinuses lie between these two layers.
    
    The sinuses:
    Superior [blank_start]sagittal[blank_end]: runs in the upper falx cerebri to the internal occipital protuberance
    Inferior [blank_start]sagittal[blank_end]: runs in the lower falx cerebri. Great cerebral vein of galen enters, forming a straight sinus, which runs in the tentorium cerebelli to the confluence of sinuses. This can be variable though.
    [blank_start]Transverse[blank_end] sinus: runs in a groove, receives the superior petrosal sinus and becomes the sigmoid sinus
    [blank_start]Sigmoid[blank_end] sinus: goes to the jugular bulb, in the jugular foramen, becoming the internal jugular vein
    Superior petrosal sinus
    [blank_start]Cavernous[blank_end] sinus: runs either side of the sphenoid. The intercavernous sinus forms communications around the pituitary gland. Contents- internal carotid artery and cranial nerves.
    [blank_start]Sphenoparietal[blank_end] sinus: runs along the lesser wing of sphenoid
    
    

    1. Asagittal
    2. Bsagittal
    3. CTransverse
    4. DSigmoid
    5. ECavernous
    6. FSphenoparietal
75. 75CSF: [blank_start]150[blank_end] mL in circulation, [blank_start]500[blank_end] mL produced per day
    Produced from arterial blood
    CSF is produced mainly by a structure called the [blank_start]choroid[blank_end] [blank_start]plexus[blank_end] in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.
    

    1. A150
    2. B500
    3. Cchoroid
    4. Dplexus
76. 76CSF flows from the [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] ventricle to the [blank_start]third[blank_end] ventricle through the interventricular foramen ( of Monro). The third ventricle and fourth ventricle are connected to each other by the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius).
    CSF then flows into the [blank_start]subarachnoid[blank_end] space through the foramina of Luschka (there are two of these) and the foramen of Magendie (only one of these).
    Absorption of the CSF into the bloodstream takes place in the superior sagittal sinus through structures called arachnoid villi.
    The CSF flows out of the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space, into the cisterns (openings in the subarachnoid space of the brain created by a separation of the arachnoid and Pia mater):
    Cisterns [blank_start]magna[blank_end] below the cerebellum
    Quadrigeminal cistern above the cerebellum
    Pontocerebellar cistern
    Interpeduncular cistern between the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain
    Lumbar cistern
    

    1. Alateral
    2. Bthird
    3. Csubarachnoid
    4. Dmagna
77. 77Subdural haemorrhage (haematoma) is a rupture of [blank_start]venous[blank_end] vessels-required minimal force to rupture. Has a [blank_start]crescent[blank_end] shape
    Subarachnoid haematomas are harder to spot because blood can disperse more easily in the subarachnoid space and can be ruptures of vessels in the circle of willis.
    [blank_start]Epidural[blank_end] hematomas occur due to arterial rupture, often from trauma such as a blow to the temple. They show on scans as a lemon shape.

    1. Acrescent
    2. Bvenous
    3. CEpidural
78. 78Two paired arteries supply the brain:
    The [blank_start]internal[blank_end] [blank_start]carotid[blank_end] arteries
    The [blank_start]vertebral[blank_end] arteries
    

    1. Ainternal
    2. Bcarotid
    3. Cvertebral
79. 79The Internal carotid arteries originate at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at [blank_start]C4[blank_end].
    They travel superiorly in the carotid sheath and enter the brain via the carotid canal (in the [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] bone)
    In the cranial cavity, the internal carotids pass through the [blank_start]cavernous[blank_end] sinus.
    

    1. Acavernous
    2. BC4
    3. Ctemporal
80. 80The R and L left vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries, medial to the anterior scalene
    They ascend the posterior aspect of the neck through the [blank_start]foramen[blank_end] [blank_start]transversarium[blank_end] in the cervical vertebrae.
    They enter the cranium via [blank_start]foramen[blank_end] [blank_start]magnum[blank_end].

    1. Aforamen
    2. Btransversarium
    3. Cforamen
    4. Dmagnum
81. 81The internal carotid artery segments:
    cervical segment
    P: [blank_start]petrous[blank_end] segment
    L: [blank_start]lacerum[blank_end] segment
    C: [blank_start]cavernous[blank_end] segment
    C: [blank_start]clinoid[blank_end] segment
    O: [blank_start]ophthalmic[blank_end] segment
    C: [blank_start]communicating[blank_end] segment
    

    1. Apetrous
    2. Blacerum
    3. Ccavernous
    4. Dclinoid
    5. Eophthalmic
    6. Fcommunicating
82. 82The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain.
    It is made up of five parts:
    [blank_start]Anterior[blank_end] limb
    [blank_start]Genu[blank_end]
    Posterior limb
    [blank_start]Retrolentiform[blank_end]
    Sublentiform
    
    Anterior limb: frontopontine fibres
    Genu: [blank_start]corticobulbar[blank_end] fibres
    Posterior limb: corticospinal and sensory fibres
    Retrolentiform: [blank_start]visual[blank_end] fibres
    

    1. AAnterior
    2. BGenu
    3. CRetrolentiform
    4. Dcorticobulbar
    5. Evisual
83. 83Striate arteries are a collection of small, penetrating arteries arising from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries that supply blood flow to the deep structures of the cerebral hemisphere.
    
    The [blank_start]lenticulostriate[blank_end] arteries (LSA) branch from the [blank_start]middle[blank_end] [blank_start]cerebral[blank_end] artery (MCA).
    
    The recurrent artery of Heubner (RAH), also known as the distal medial striate artery, is a specific striate artery that branches off from the [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] [blank_start]cerebral[blank_end] artery (ACA).
    

    1. Alenticulostriate
    2. Bmiddle
    3. Ccerebral
    4. Danterior
    5. Ecerebral
84. 84The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] fossa and body of the sphenoid bone between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura.
    It spans from the apex of the orbit to the apex of the petrous temporal bone.
    Contents can be remembered with the mnemonic OTOM CAT.
    
    
    O: [blank_start]oculomotor[blank_end] nerve
    T: [blank_start]trochlear[blank_end] nerve
    O: ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
    M: maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
    C: internal carotid artery
    A: [blank_start]abducens[blank_end] nerve
    T: trochlear nerve
    

    1. Apituitary
    2. Boculomotor
    3. Ctrochlear
    4. Dabducens
85. 85The PICA can be divided into five segments, detailed below.
    The first four segments can be remembered by using the acronym ALPS.
    i. Anterior [blank_start]medullary[blank_end] segment. Extends from the origin to the inferior olivary prominence.
    ii. Lateral [blank_start]medullary[blank_end] segment. Extends from the inferior olivary prominence to the origins of the ninth, 10th, and 11th cranial nerves.
    Iiii. Posterior [blank_start]medullary[blank_end] segment, aka tonsillomedullary segment, begins where the PICA passes posterior to the lower cranial nerves and ends where the ascending vessel reaches the midlevel of the medial surface of the tonsil. It passes immediately posterior to the roof of the lower half of the fourth ventricle.
    iv. [blank_start]Supratonsillar[blank_end] segment. aka telovelotonsillar segment, begins midway up the tonsil, includes the cranial loop. Ends where the PICA exits the fissures between the vermis, tonsil, and cerebellar hemisphere to reach the cortical surface.
    Then also:
    v. [blank_start]Cortical[blank_end] segments. These segments are also known as hemispheric branches. The PICA often bifurcates into medial and lateral trunks where the vessel emerges onto the inferior cortical surface. The medial trunk gives rise to the vermian and tonsillar branches, and the lateral trunk produces the hemispheric branches.
    

    1. Amedullary
    2. Bmedullary
    3. Cmedullary
    4. DSupratonsillar
    5. ECortical
86. 86Macular sparing:
    Macular sparing is visual field loss that preserves vision in the centre of the visual field, otherwise known as the macula
    Explanation for why the centre visual field is preserved after large hemispheric lesions:
    the macular regions of the cortex have a double vascular supply from the [blank_start]middle cerebral[blank_end] artery (MCA) and the [blank_start]posterior cerebral[blank_end] artery (PCA).
    If there is damage to one vascular pathway, like in the case of a MCA or PCA stroke, there is still another blood supply that the macular portions of the visual cortex can rely on.
    Vision in the [blank_start]centre[blank_end] of the visual field is then preserved whereas vision in [blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] areas is lost due to the resulting infarct.
    

    1. Amiddle cerebral
    2. Bposterior cerebral
    3. Ccentre
    4. Dperipheral
87. 87Anterior cerebral stroke: [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] hemiplegia and anaesthesia
    Middle cerebral stroke: [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] hemiplegia and anaesthesia with/without aphasia
    Posterior cerebral stroke: [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] hemianopia
    Vertebrobasilar stroke: focal brainstem syndrome (generally, there is [blank_start]ipsilateral[blank_end] cranial nerve palsy and [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] hemiplegia/hemiparesis and/or hemisensory loss
    

    1. Acontralateral
    2. Bcontralateral
    3. Ccontralateral
    4. Dipsilateral
    5. Econtralateral
88. 88Locked in syndrome occurs from bilateral damage of the [blank_start]vertebral[blank_end] artery
    which supplies the medial part of the medulla
    

    1. Avertebral
89. 89The ventricular system is lined by [blank_start]ependymal[blank_end] cells which form the choroid plexus.

    1. Aependymal
90. 90The third ventricle is a narrow cavity of the [blank_start]diencephalon[blank_end], and is connected to the lateral ventricles through the foramen of [blank_start]monro[blank_end]. It is situated between the right and left thalamus, which forms its walls along with the hypothalamus, with two protrusions on the anterior surface:
    the [blank_start]supraoptic[blank_end] recess, above the optic chiasm
    The [blank_start]infundibular[blank_end] recess, above the optic stalk.
    The posterior wall is formed by the [blank_start]pineal[blank_end] gland and habenular commissure.
    

    1. Adiencephalon
    2. Bmonro
    3. Csupraoptic
    4. Dinfundibular
    5. Epineal
91. 91The thalamus is situated in the core of the [blank_start]diencephalon[blank_end], deep to the cerebral cortices and relays and integrates motor and sensory impulses between the higher centres of the brain and the peripheries.
    The medial wall of each thalamus forms the lateral wall of the third ventricle. The dorsal surface is in close relation to the [blank_start]stria[blank_end] [blank_start]terminalis[blank_end], the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the fornix. The internal capsule separates the thalamus from the globus pallidus and the [blank_start]putamen[blank_end].
    

    1. Adiencephalon
    2. Bstria
    3. Cterminalis
    4. Dputamen
92. 92Label

    

    1. APineal gland
    2. BFornix
    3. CCorpus Callosum
    4. DThalamic nuclei
    5. EHypothalamus
    6. FMamillary body
    7. GAmygdaloid body
    8. HHipocampus
    9. IParahippocampal gyrus
    10. JCingulate gyrus
93. 93Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a neurological disorder. Wernicke's [blank_start]encephalopathy[blank_end] and Korsakoff's [blank_start]psychosis[blank_end] are the acute and chronic phases, respectively, of the same disease. WKS is caused by a deficiency in the B vitamin [blank_start]thiamine[blank_end].
    evidence suggests that ethanol interferes directly with thiamine uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Ethanol also disrupts thiamine storage in the liver and the transformation of thiamine into its active form.
    It is characterised by [blank_start]encephalopathy[blank_end] with a residual amnestic syndrome
    

    1. Apsychosis
    2. Bencephalopathy
    3. Cthiamine
    4. Dencephalopathy
94. 94CSF has [blank_start]higher[blank_end] NA+, [blank_start]lower[blank_end] K+ and [blank_start]higher[blank_end] Cl- than blood. It also has [blank_start]less[blank_end] glucose and far less protein. It is slightly less basic
    

    1. Ahigher
    2. Blower
    3. Chigher
    4. Dless
95. 95ventricles.
    It is produced at a rate of [blank_start]0.35[blank_end]mL/min
    This means turnover occurs about 3x daily
    The volume is normally constant because the rate of secretion equals the rate of absorption
    CSF pressure can be measured during a lumbar puncture; it is normally about [blank_start]10[blank_end] mmHg
    

    1. A0.35
    2. B10

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Medicine Quiz sobre Neuroanatomy , criado por Phil Howard em 09-05-2020.

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Phil Howard

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