Questão 1
Questão
What is important about the lateral horn in relation to motor function?
Responda
-
It is the part of the spinal cord where motor output originates from the autonomic nervous system
-
It carries ascending signals to the brain
-
It is the part of the spinal cord where sensory input travels from the periphery to the motor cortex
Questão 2
Questão
What is the joining of the sensory and motor fibres called (shown by the green circle)?
Responda
-
Spinal nerve
-
Hybrid nerve
-
Hybrid root
-
Dorsal root ganglion
Questão 3
Questão
The spinal cord exists between which spinal levels?
Responda
-
C1 to L2
-
C2 to L1
-
C2 to S5
-
C1 to S5
Questão 4
Questão
How many spinal nerves are there in total?
Responda
-
31
-
30
-
25
-
60
Questão 5
Questão
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
Responda
-
8
-
5
-
6
-
7
Questão 6
Questão
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?
Responda
-
12
-
10
-
14
-
9
Questão 7
Questão
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
Responda
-
5
-
10
-
12
-
3
Questão 8
Questão
How many sacral spinal nerves are there?
Responda
-
5
-
4
-
8
-
12
Questão 9
Questão
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?
Responda
-
1
-
2
-
5
-
4
Questão 10
Questão
The cervical plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Responda
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Questão 11
Questão
The brachial plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Responda
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Questão 12
Questão
The lumbar plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Responda
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Questão 13
Questão
The sacral plexus is composed of what spinal nerves?
Responda
-
C1-C5
-
C5-T1
-
L1-L4
-
L4-S4
Questão 14
Questão
A dermatome is what?
Responda
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
Questão 15
Questão
A myotome is what?
Responda
-
An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
-
An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
Questão 16
Questão
Chickenpox may reactivate as shingles and effect particular spinal nerves, causing a rash that maps to a particular area of skin that the relevant nerve innervates (dermatome).
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 17
Questão
What does the red question mark show?
Responda
-
Central sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Occipital sulcus
-
Post-central gyrus
Questão 18
Questão
What does the purple question mark show?
Responda
-
Central sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-
Longitudinal fissure
Questão 19
Questão
What does the orange question mark show?
Responda
-
Parieto-occipital sulcus
-
Lateral sulcus
-
Posterior sulcus
-
Longitudinal fissure
Questão 20
Questão
What is the most common neurotransmitter found at post-ganglionic neurones of the sympathetic nervous system?
Responda
-
Noradrenaline
-
Acetylcholine
-
Glutamate
-
Vasopressin
Questão 21
Questão
What is the most common neurotransmitter found at post-ganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Responda
-
Glutamate
-
Acetylcholine
-
Noradrenaline
-
Adrenaline
Questão 22
Questão
Stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract by parasympathetic nerve fibres helps to increase gut motility.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 23
Questão
What routes can a pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron take?
Responda
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and ascend the sympathetic chain where it will synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at a higher level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and descend the sympathetic chain where it will synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at a lower level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and synapse in the sympathetic ganglion at the same level
-
Travel through the white ramus communicans and pass through the sympathetic ganglion without synapsing
Questão 24
Questão
Most organs are dual innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. They always have antagonistic effects to one another.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 25
Questão
In some organs that are innervated exclusively by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, how is autonomic activity regulated?
Responda
-
Like a volume control
-
Parasympathetic hormones circulate in the blood to counter sympathetic effects and vice versa
Questão 26
Questão
What is meant by diffuse neurotransmission? Where does it occur?
Responda
-
Somatic nervous system
-
Autonomic nervous system
-
A single neuron branches into many varicosities which contain neurotransmitter that can be released to co-ordinate widespread effects
-
A single neuron releases neurotransmitter that causes an effect in one particular target
Questão 27
Questão
Sympathetic activity causes vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle blood vessels.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 28
Questão
Post-ganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands, part of the sympathetic nervous system, release Noradrenaline to stimulate sweat glands.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 29
Questão
The SNS and PNS have an antagonistic effect on the same muscle which causes pupillary dilation and constriction respectively.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 30
Questão
What receptors does Ach act at?
Responda
-
Muscarinic
-
Nicotinic
-
Adrenergic
-
Monoaminergic
Questão 31
Questão
What receptor does noradrenaline act at?
Responda
-
Nicotinic
-
Muscarinic
-
Adrenergic
-
Monoaminergic
Questão 32
Questão
Name the agonists of muscarinic receptors
Responda
-
Pilocarpine
-
Ach
-
Bethanechol
-
Atropine
-
Hyoscine
-
Tropicamide
Questão 33
Questão
Name the competitive antagonists of muscarinic receptors
Responda
-
Atropine
-
Hyoscine
-
Tropicamide
-
Ach
-
Pilocarpine
-
Bethanechol
Questão 34
Questão
Name a non-competitive antagonist at nicotinic receptors
Responda
-
Hexamethonium
-
Pilocarpine
-
Atropine
-
Aliskiren
Questão 35
Questão
Noradrenaline binding at alpha adrenoreceptors causes vasoconstriction.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 36
Questão
The heart contains beta 1 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the heart?
Responda
-
Increased heart rate
-
Increased contractility
-
Decreased heart rate
-
Decreased contractility
Questão 37
Questão
The lungs contains beta 2 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the lung?
Responda
-
Bronchodilation
-
Bronchoconstriction
Questão 38
Questão
Blood vessels may contain beta 2 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the blood vessels?
Responda
-
Vasodilation
-
Vasoconstriction
Questão 39
Questão
The bladder contains beta 3 adrenoreceptors. What effect does the sympathetic nervous system produce in the bladder?
Responda
-
Relaxation
-
Contraction
Questão 40
Questão
What myenteric plexus is found between which two layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
Responda
-
Mucosa
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
Questão 41
Questão
What submucosal plexus is found between which two layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
Responda
-
Mucosa
-
Circular muscle
-
Longitudinal muscle
Questão 42
Questão
The myenteric plexus is the co-ordinator of muscular reflexes such as peristalsis.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 43
Questão
What excitatory neurotransmitters help to contract the gut in peristalsis (green question mark)?
Responda
-
Substance P
-
Ach
-
NO
-
VIP
-
ATP
Questão 44
Questão
What inhibitory neurotransmitters help to relax the gut in peristalsis (red question mark)?
Responda
-
Substance P
-
Ach
-
VIP
-
NO
-
ATP
Questão 45
Questão
The submucosal plexus co-ordinates secretory enzyme and acid release in response to...
Responda
-
Mechanical distension
-
Chemical detection
-
Pressure detection
Questão 46
Questão
The CNS can influence the ENS.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 47
Questão
The myenteric plexus releases vasoactive substances.
Responda
- True
- False
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