3791793
Descrição
Quiz por Amy Labossiere, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Amy Labossiere
mais de 8 anos atrás
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|
Questão 1
Questão
[blank_start]Locke[blank_end] argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.
Responda
-
Locke
Questão 2
Questão
[blank_start]Descartes[blank_end] argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.
Responda
-
Descartes
Questão 3
Questão
[blank_start]Declarative[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]offline/cold cognition[blank_end], which is knowing THAT something is the case.
Responda
-
Declarative
-
offline/cold cognition
Questão 4
Questão
[blank_start]Procedural[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]online/hot cognition[blank_end], which is knowing HOW to do something.
Responda
-
Procedural
-
online/hot cognition
Questão 5
Questão
[blank_start]Priori[blank_end] knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.
Responda
-
Priori
Questão 6
Questão
____________ is to rationalism as ______________ is to empiricism
Responda
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Locke; Descartes
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Descartes; Locke
Questão 7
Questão
[blank_start]Rationalists[blank_end] are from the general to the specific
Responda
-
Rationalists
Questão 8
Questão
[blank_start]Empiricists[blank_end] are from the specific to the general
Responda
-
Empiricists
Questão 9
Questão
Darwin had a [blank_start]materialistic[blank_end] view of the mind
Responda
-
materialistic
Questão 10
Questão
[blank_start]Monophyletic origin[blank_end] can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor
Responda
-
Monophyletic origin
Questão 11
Questão
Nature is to __________, and nurture is to _____________.
Responda
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Declarative Knowledge/Hot & Procedural Knowledge/Cold
-
Declarative Knowledge/Cold & Procedural Knowledge/Hot
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Procedural Knowledge/Hot & Declarative/Cold
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Procedural Knowledge/Cold & Declarative Knowledge/Hot
Questão 12
Questão
Evolution can be defined as [blank_start]descent with modification[blank_end]
Responda
-
descent with modification
Questão 13
Questão
Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements: [blank_start]variation, competition, and inheritence[blank_end]
Responda
-
variation, competition, and inheritence
Questão 14
Questão
[blank_start]Stablising selection[blank_end] is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under [blank_start]driving or disruptive selection.[blank_end]
Responda
-
Stablising selection
-
driving or disruptive selection.
Questão 15
Questão
The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of [blank_start]microevolution[blank_end] rather than [blank_start]speciation[blank_end].
Responda
-
microevolution
-
speciation
Questão 16
Questão
[blank_start]Mutations[blank_end] are the wellspring of evolutionary change.
Responda
-
Mutations
Questão 17
Questão
Natural selection can only operate on [blank_start]what exists[blank_end].
Responda
-
what exists
Questão 18
Questão
Natural selection modifying existing attributes to do different things
Responda
-
Adaptive radiation
-
Divergent evolution
-
Fitness
-
Gene pool
Questão 19
Questão
[blank_start]Analogy[blank_end] is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.
Responda
-
Analogy
Questão 20
Questão
[blank_start]Homology[blank_end] is a set of structures that are shared by a common ancestor (such as the flipper or a walrus and the wing of a bat).
Responda
-
Homology
Questão 21
Questão
Why can no adaptation ever be perfect?
Responda
-
Environmental conditions are not fixed and change over time
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Mutations are the wellspring of evolution
-
Natural selection can only act on what exists
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All of the above
-
Environmental conditions are not fixed & natural selection can only act on what exists
Questão 22
Questão
[blank_start]Macroevolution or speciation[blank_end], is the emergence of a new species
Responda
-
Macroevolution or speciation
Questão 23
Questão
[blank_start]Allopatric speciation[blank_end] is speciation that follows from a population of animals being separated spatially.
Responda
-
Allopatric speciation
Questão 24
Questão
As was the case with Darwin's finches, appearance is helpful in identifying species, but it does not define the species: the adherence to this definition is [blank_start]biological species concept[blank_end]
Responda
-
biological species concept
Questão 25
Questão
[blank_start]Hybridization[blank_end] is when the population may re-join without speciation taking place and the 2 gene pools effectively merge
Responda
-
Hybridization
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Allopatric speciation
-
Divergent evolution
-
Homoplasy
Questão 26
Questão
To understand the historical or evolutionary context in which specific characteristics arise or disappear, we need to be able to identify the taxa using a [blank_start]phylogeny[blank_end]
Responda
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phylogeny
Questão 27
Questão
Skeletal material and behaviour are both [blank_start]phenotypes[blank_end]
Responda
-
phenotypes
Questão 28
Questão
A trait that is shared by 2 or more species, but is not present in the common ancestor because it has evolved more recently. This provides a more accurate picture of relatedness, called [blank_start]synapmorphies[blank_end]
Responda
-
synapmorphies
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apomorphies
-
homoplasy
-
homology
-
analogy
Questão 29
Questão
[blank_start]Convergent evolution[blank_end] or [blank_start]homoplasy[blank_end] is when a trait can carry or disappear within a clade independently of a common ancestor.
Responda
-
Convergent evolution
-
homoplasy
Questão 30
Questão
A [blank_start]haplotype[blank_end] is a set of adjacent alleles or DNA sequences that is inherited together
Responda
-
haplotype
Questão 31
Questão
Looking at the graph of oil-droplet evolution in vervetes,
Label 1. Which TWO species evolved independently from one another since the time of separation from the common ancestor
and 2. Which vision was the common ancestor for the bottom group?
and 3.What principle is graph illustrating?
Responda
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Frogs and monotremes
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pigmented
-
Homoplasy
Questão 32
Questão
The problem with [blank_start]gene-based phylogenies[blank_end] is that we cannot extract useable genetic material from fossils, and gene clocks may not be properly calibrated. Thus, we must combine phenotypic phylogenies and genotypic phylogenies.
Responda
-
gene-based phylogenies
Questão 33
Questão
Darwin promoted the [blank_start]comparative method[blank_end] when he pointed to baboons as a source of information
Responda
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comparative method
Questão 34
Questão
Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they (chimpanzees) are related to gorillas.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 35
Questão
The good thing about gene-based phylogenies is that the number of mutations that have occurred within and across clades can also serve as a molecular clock for dating.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 36
Questão
[blank_start]Gene/Molecular Clocks[blank_end] operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate.
Responda
-
Gene/Molecular Clocks
Questão 37
Questão
For a gene/molecular clock to be calibrated, a [blank_start]fossil record[blank_end] is conducted
Responda
-
fossil record
Questão 38
Questão
The hominoidea group does not include apes and is solely consisting of all homosapians (living and extinct)
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 39
Questão
Hominoids are characterized by 3 distinct modes of locomotion.... which ones?
Responda
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Bipedalism
-
Knuckle walking
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Brachiation
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Swimming
-
Sitting
-
Swinging
Questão 40
Questão
Humans are alone among the living primates in habitually walking bipedally. It is a feature only of the hominid lineage.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 41
Questão
Bipedalism evolved from a [blank_start]knuckle walking[blank_end] ancestor
Responda
-
knuckle walking
-
brachiating
-
swimming
-
quadrapedal
Questão 42
Questão
The good thing about gene-based phylogenies:
Responda
-
Operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate, reflecting amount of time has passed since they split off from a common ancestor. Calibrated using a fossil record [how they found dogs were wolves]
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They are unbiased and scientifically accurate.
-
Helps identify possible selection pressures.
-
Allows us to infer WHEN attributes first emerged as well as it's functional significance.
-
They tell us not only WHEN something happened, but also WHERE it did.
Questão 43
Questão
[blank_start]Founder effects[blank_end] can be defined as the loss of genetic variability, through chance alone, that occurs when a small subset of a larger population is reproductively isolated and thus shifts the gene pool accordingly
Responda
-
Founder effects
-
Allopatric speciation
-
Synapomorphy
-
Anapomorphy
Questão 44
Questão
[blank_start]Homoplast[blank_end] is a major problem in the construction of phylogenies. But, if we can identify it as such, it can be valuable in the comparative method.
Responda
-
Homoplasy
Questão 45
Questão
[blank_start]Phylogenetic intertia[blank_end] is an expression of the same trait by different members of a clade only because it has been carried and hasn't come under selection pressure (if it ain't broke - don't fix it!)
Responda
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Phylogenetic intertia
Questão 46
Questão
Even though we have equal numbers of living arboreal and terrestrial species, there is no evidence that the group size of each is a consequence of its ecological niche [analyze by interdependent contrasts]
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 47
Questão
[blank_start]Language[blank_end] is a good example of descent with modification in hominin communities.
Responda
-
Language
Questão 48
Questão
[blank_start]Platyrrhini[blank_end] primates are broad nosed. Their nostrils are far apart and generally open to the side. These are the New World Monkeys [confined to Central and South America] and are typically diurnal.
Responda
-
Platyrrhini
-
Strepsirihini
-
Haporhini
-
Catarrhini
Questão 49
Questão
[blank_start]Catarrhini[blank_end] primates are narrow nosed that are flat and downwards. This includes humans and the old world monkeys/apes [Africa/Asia]
Responda
-
Catarrhini
-
Platyrrihini
-
Haplorhini
-
Strepsirhini
Questão 50
Questão
[blank_start]Strepsirhini[blank_end] primates have a bent, inwardly turned nose, and typically wet dog-like noses and are mostly nocturnal.
Responda
-
Strepsirhini
-
Haplorhini
-
Platyrrihni
-
Catarrhini
Questão 51
Questão
[blank_start]Haplorhini[blank_end] primates have simple noses are have 2 subtypes within this group.
Responda
-
Haplorhini
-
Strepsirhini
-
Platyrrihni
-
Catarrhini
Questão 52
Questão
We humans, and other apes of the Platyrrihini, are apart of the Hominoidea group.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 53
Questão
Hominoidea [we + apes of the catarrhine] belong to this group. Phylogenetically, the apes are characterized by the absence of a tail and are generally divided into 2 groups:
Responda
-
Hylobatidae [lesser apes]
-
Hominidae [great apes]
-
Hylobatidae [great apes]
-
Hominidae [lesser apes]
Questão 54
Questão
The few living apes that were around during the miocene area occupied a variety of ecological niches and probably displayed physical and behavioural diversity that we now associate with the Old World Monkeys that replaced them [baboons, vervet monkeys]
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 55
Questão
Not all living apes are ripe fruit eaters.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 56
Questão
The era in which mammals first appeared, or the 'age of the reptiles'.
Responda
-
Misocene era
-
Mesozoic era
-
Cretacious period
Questão 57
Questão
Which 3 clades made it through the cretacious period when dinosaurs died?
Responda
-
Platypus
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Marsupials
-
Placental mammals
-
Monkeys
Questão 58
Questão
There was a lineage splitting and this diversification is linked to the occupation of different and recently vacated ecological niches. It's likely that the diversification was underpinned by 3 apomorphic adaptations...
Responda
-
Sensitive hearing made possible by the evolutionary emergence of the detached middle ear from the mandible
-
The evolution of tribosphenic molars
-
The emergence of the capacity to regulate body temperature using metabolic heat or shivering
-
The evolution of bipedalism to maximize transportation efficiency through running
-
The evolution of speech
Questão 59
Questão
As a general rule, the most important thing to be able to do while up a tree is to avoid predation.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 60
Questão
What 3 adaptations made the ability to move from one food source to another possible?
Responda
-
The evolution of primate grasp: the power grip, and the precision grip
-
The evolution of binocular vision to aid stereopsis
-
The emergence of only having 1 offspring at a time as opposed to a litter
-
The emergence of language
-
Speed increased by past experience with predators
Questão 61
Questão
Which 3 things were sacrificed for the adaptations to live in the trees?
Responda
-
Teeth
-
Claws
-
Panoramic vision
-
Sociality
-
Quadrapedalism
-
Problem solving
-
Binocular vision
-
Digit
Questão 62
Questão
[blank_start]Robust[blank_end] australopiths chewed their way out of trouble. Their teeth are large, grinding molars that allowed them to process hard foods. [blank_start]Gracile[blank_end] australopiths had teeth that were less committed to a particular ecological view.
Responda
-
Robust
-
Gracile
Questão 63
Questão
The first identified member of our species was either [blank_start]homo habilis[blank_end] or [blank_start]homo ergaster[blank_end]
Responda
-
homo habilis
-
homo ergaster
Questão 64
Questão
[blank_start]Homo erectus[blank_end] was the first hominin to leave Africa
Responda
-
Homo erectus
Questão 65
Questão
[blank_start]Homo florensiensis[blank_end] was a hominin with small stature and small brain size
Responda
-
Homo florensiensis
Questão 66
Questão
The emergence of the hominids is associated with:
Responda
-
living in the trees
-
competition with apes living alongside humans
-
the cooling down and drying out of Africa
-
predation driving hominids to expand across the world
Questão 67
Questão
The problems posed by savanna woodlands are of 2 kinds
Responda
-
Those associated with getting enough food and water
-
Those associated with increased risk of predation
-
Those associated with staying cool
-
Those associated with needing to communicate
Questão 68
Questão
Primates have a specialized cooling system to cool their brains.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 69
Questão
Our inheritance of small incisors means that we were not dentally pre-adapted to meat eating.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 70
Questão
Lucy, an [blank_start]australopithecus afarensis[blank_end], was readily bipedal. Unlike chimps and more like us, her arms are shortened relative to her legs and her spine is curved and her tarsal bones are less manoeuvrable.
Responda
-
australopithecus afarensis
-
homo erectus
-
homo habilis
-
homo ergaster
-
neanderthal
-
homo florensiensis
Questão 71
Questão
We see in hominids a reduction in size of incisors and canine teeth and a substantial increase in the size of the molars. We also find an increase in the robustness of the lower jaw.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 72
Questão
Skeletal fossils allow us to infer not only the overall size of an extinct animal but also how it moved.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 73
Questão
Living in a more open country places a premium on the need for [blank_start]locomotion to be energetically efficient[blank_end].
Responda
-
locomotion to be energetically efficient
-
self-defence against predation
-
trees to sprout up to live in
-
stereopsis vision for finding food
Questão 74
Questão
Running is more energetically demanding than running.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 75
Questão
The smaller you are, it makes no difference in efficiency for walking vs running. If you are bigger, running has more energy costs.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 76
Questão
Chimp walking is very inefficient compared to the cost expected for a quadrupedal mammal of the same weight. Chimpanzees are more efficient when they run.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 77
Questão
Modern humans have an extraordinary capacity for long-distance running. Humans have a suite of adaptation that make the costs of endurance running tolerable....
Responda
-
Adaptations that minimize energy demand [balanced head, swivelling neck, long achilles tendons that soak up energy for free, large gluteus maximus for balance]
-
Humans have become taller and leaner [reduces the surface area exposed to direct sunlight and allows us to benefit from laminar air flow & alters body volume/surface ratio to ease heat loss]
-
Stereopsis vision [color vision, binocular vision, precision]
-
Bipedalism
Questão 78
Questão
The [blank_start]obstetric dilemma[blank_end] is the collision of competing locomotory and reproductive selection pressures.
Responda
-
obstetric dilemma
Questão 79
Questão
Primate fetuses grow faster than those of average mammals.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 80
Questão
Human gestation is evolutionarily conserved.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 81
Questão
If it weren't for our [blank_start]large heads[blank_end], we would all arrive in the world without any real complications.
Responda
-
large heads
Questão 82
Questão
In order to deal with the problems of large heads in humans, (2 things):
Responda
-
We are born earlier than we should be
-
Natural selection has produced very elastic neonatal skulls that can deform in response to the pressures imposed by a rigid pelvis
-
We have adapted to sweat in order to 'cool our brains'
-
Natural selection has provided us with language
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