Anatomy lecture exam IV urinary

The functions of the urinary system are: 1. [blank_start]volume regulation[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]acid/base balance[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]electrolyte balance[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]elimination of waste[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Endocrine[blank_end]

[blank_start]Glomerular filtration[blank_end] is the movement of components of plasma out of the glomereal capillaries into the bowman's capsule.

The functional urine forming unit in the kidney is the [blank_start]nephron[blank_end].

Trace plasma from an afferent arteriole until it is excreted from the body as urine. [blank_start]glomerulus[blank_end]--> [blank_start]bowmans capsule[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Proximal Convoluted Duct[blank_end] --> [blank_start]loop of henle[blank_end] --> [blank_start]Distal convoluted duct[blank_end] --> [blank_start]collecting tubule[blank_end] --> [blank_start]papillae[blank_end] --> [blank_start]minor calyces[blank_end] --> [blank_start]major calyces[blank_end] --> [blank_start]pelvis -[blank_end]-> [blank_start]ureter[blank_end] --> [blank_start]bladder[blank_end] --> [blank_start]urethra[blank_end]

The rate at which you form glomelular filtrate is [blank_start]GFR[blank_end].

GFR in the average adult male is:

GFR in the average adult female is:

The absorption rate of water from glomelular filtrate is [blank_start]99%[blank_end].

How much of your cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

If a substance is tubularly reabsorbed, then the amount in the urine is [blank_start]less than[blank_end] the amount in the glomerular filtrate.

label all the structures of the nephron

[blank_start]Tubular re-absorption[blank_end] is when you move something form the nephron tubules to the peritubular capillaries. Another way of saying out of the [blank_start]tubule[blank_end] and into the [blank_start]blood[blank_end].

How is glucose sent across membranes?

Clearing is the ability of the kidney to remove substances from your blood.

What determines the amount of a substance in glomelular filtrate (ex: glucose)?

The maximum rate at which a substance can be re-absorbed from the nephron tubules is referred to as the [blank_start]transport maximum[blank_end] for that substance.

This is a process where a carrier molecule uses ATP to move a molecule across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. It has a high level of specificity.

If glucose is found in your urine is it called [blank_start]glucosuria[blank_end] or [blank_start]glycosuria[blank_end].

The [blank_start]renal plasma threshold[blank_end] is the plasma level at which something starts to appear in your urine.

If a patient has glucosuria what do you already know about his plasma glucose level?

Amino acids should be present in your urine.

[blank_start]Amino acids[blank_end] are actively transported in the tubules and are needed so that your body can make [blank_start]proteins[blank_end].

It is called [blank_start]aminoaciduria[blank_end] when amino acids are found in your urine. The most common type of this is [blank_start]cystine[blank_end].

When substances "fall out of solution" or become too concentrated they [blank_start]precipitate[blank_end].

The major nitrogenous waste in humans is [blank_start]urea[blank_end].

Urea is produced primarily in the [blank_start]deamination of amino acids[blank_end].

The clinical estimate of urea in blood is called your [blank_start]blood urea nitrogen[blank_end] level or [blank_start]BUN[blank_end].

Why would your BUN level increase when you have a disease?

Urine is basically glomelular filtrate minus everything you decided to re-absorb or uptake.

the hormone promoting Na+ retention by the kidney is [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end].

The hormone [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] comes from a gland on top of the kidneys called the [blank_start]adrenals[blank_end].

Only about 20% of your nephrons are called [blank_start]jextamedullary[blank_end] nephrons.

The juxtamedullary nephrons have a __________ that projects way down into the tip of the pyramid and the remaining nephrons are called cortica nephrons because they primarily lie within the __________ .

solute=[blank_start]dissolve e[blank_end] and solvent= [blank_start]dis-solver[blank_end]

This type of solution has a higher solute than the comparative solution.

Cells placed in hypertonic solution would be expected to [blank_start]shrink[blank_end].

Molecules going from an area of high solvent to low solvent through a semi-permeable membrane is called [blank_start]osmosis[blank_end].

Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment. They generally have a problem with water [blank_start]gain[blank_end].

Medullary fluids of the kidney are [blank_start]hypertonic[blank_end] to most body fluids.

Solutes are concentrated in the medullary fluids of the kidney by the [blank_start]counter current multiplier[blank_end] mechanism.

Water goes from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions because tonicity is determined by the solute.

Sodium retention generally has the effect of [blank_start]raising[blank_end] blood potassium levels.

Does facilitated diffusion utilize ATP?

We control urine concentration by the counter current multiplier mechanism.

What separates the cortex from the medulla?

The cortex of the kidney is what in relationship to the body?

The [blank_start]ascending[blank_end] loop of henle has a [blank_start]thicker[blank_end] membrane that is [blank_start]impermeable[blank_end] to water and therefore osmosis [blank_start]can not[blank_end] occur. Salt is then removed from the tubular fluid by means of [blank_start]active transport[blank_end] and the fluid is now more [blank_start]dilute[blank_end].

When urine reaches the top of ascending loop of hele what level of concentration is it in proportion to your bodily fluids?

Highest level of dilute you can get urine is [blank_start]1/3[blank_end] that of bodily fluids and the highest level of concentration is [blank_start]4[blank_end] times that of normal bodily fluids.

What gives the medullary portion of the kidney it's hypertonicity?

The [blank_start]DCT[blank_end] and collecting tubule have [blank_start]water[blank_end] pores that allow for further control of urine concentration. If the pores are open the urine is more [blank_start]concentrated[blank_end] and if the pores are closed the urine will be [blank_start]diluted[blank_end].

The hormone that controls your water pores in the DCT and collecting tubule is [blank_start]anti diuretic hormone[blank_end] also known as [blank_start]ADH[blank_end].

Vasopressin is another word for ADH and it is stored and released by your posterior pituitary.

ADH is [blank_start]against[blank_end] diuresis because it [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] urine volume and [blank_start]increases[blank_end] urine concentration.

ADH [blank_start]opens[blank_end] the water pores of the DCT and collecting tubules.

At night your production of ADH goes [blank_start]up[blank_end].

[blank_start]Glomerular filtrate[blank_end] is made up of everything that is in plasma except for the [blank_start]plasma proteins[blank_end].