Quiz
Immunology: Defense from Infectious Diseases
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Perguntas do quiz (47)
1Immunology is:
- AThe study of our protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells.
- BThe study of organisms that are immune to all influence.
- CThe study of hereditary differences in illnesses.
- DThe study of our brain and the neurological impact of diseases on the human mind.
2Research suggests that microbes in this area of the body activate the immune system to help the immune system proliferate.
- AGut.
- BLiver.
- CKidney
- DEsophagus.
3Even when a person is not sick, they still have viruses and bacteria inside them.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
4An increase in the strength of the immune system is always a good thing.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
5In the ideal balance of immune system and pathogens,
- AThe immune system and the pathogens are equally weighted.
- BThe pathogens in the body outweigh the strength of the immune system.
- CThe strength of the immune system outweighs the pathogens in the body.
6The immune system is a three-tiered system. The first is [blank_start]intrinsic/physiological barriers[blank_end]. The second is the [blank_start]innate immunity response[blank_end]. Lastly, the body relies on [blank_start]acquired immunity[blank_end].
- Aintrinsic/physiological barriers
- Binnate immunity response
- Cacquired immunity
- Dinnate immunity response
- Eintrinsic/physiological barriers
- Facquired immunity
- Gacquired immunity
- Hintrinsic/physiological barriers
- Iinnate immunity response
7Consider the following differences between immunity responses.
Speed (how long does it take to respond?)
Innate: [blank_start]Immediate/hours.[blank_end]
Adaptive: [blank_start]A few days.[blank_end]
Immunological Memory (does it remember viruses it has already faced?)
Innate: [blank_start]Does not possess.[blank_end]
Adaptive: [blank_start]Can remember viruses.[blank_end]
Specificity (What viruses will it deal with?)
Innate: [blank_start]One cell recognizes many pathogens.[blank_end]
Adaptive: [blank_start]One cell recognizes one pathogen.[blank_end]- AImmediate/hours.
- BA few days.
- CA few days.
- DImmediate/hours.
- EDoes not possess.
- FCan remember viruses.
- GCan remember viruses.
- HDoes not possess.
- IOne cell recognizes many pathogens.
- JOne cell recognizes one pathogen.
- KOne cell recognizes one pathogen.
- LOne cell recognizes many pathogens.
8Match the description to the proper disease or condition.
[blank_start]Impetigo[blank_end] - A disease caused by too much proliferation of bacteria already inside us.
[blank_start]E Coli 0157[blank_end] - A virulent strain of a virus commonly found in the human body.
[blank_start]HIV[blank_end] - Causes a reduction in the immune system.
[blank_start]Autoimmune disease[blank_end] - When the immune system loses sensitivity between host cells and foreign cells, and so attacks the body.
[blank_start]Sepsis[blank_end] - When the immune system triggers violently against a disease, causing inflammation throughout the body.
[blank_start]Cytokine storm[blank_end] - A immune system reaction to disease that, in the lungs, can lead to a potentially lethal excess of liquids.
[blank_start]Rotavirus[blank_end] - a virus most common in youths that uses the low pH of the stomach to its advantage.- AImpetigo
- BE Coli 0157
- CHIV
- DAutoimmune disease
- ESepsis
- FCytokine storm
- GRotavirus
9Streptococcus, a disease in the throat, can be confirmed with the using the following antibody function:
- ANeutralization.
- BAgglutination.
- CPrecipitation.
- DComplement Activation.
10Vaccinations help the immune system by enhancing this portion of immunity:
- AInnate immunity.
- BAdaptive immunity.
- CIntrinsic/physiological barriers.
11There are multiple functions of antibodies that allow them to deal with foreign cells.
[blank_start]Neutralization[blank_end] is the process wherein Ab 'neutralizes' toxins by binding to them so they cannot activate.
[blank_start]Agglutination[blank_end] creates a complex of cells.
[blank_start]Precipitation[blank_end] involves creating complexes of free molecules.
[blank_start]Complement activation[blank_end] occurs when antibodies bind to antigens and create a hole in them.
[blank_start]Opsonization[blank_end] involves antibodies binding to the pathogen, inciting macrophages to surround and destroy them.- AOpsonization
- BComplement activation
- CPrecipitation
- DAgglutination
- ENeutralization
12Antigens are produced by plasma in response to a pathogen and can respond specifically to that pathogen.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
13An antibody is comprised of the following parts:
(check all that apply)- AA hydrophobic tail.
- BTwo arms for binding to antigens.
- CAn FC receptor.
- DAn AG receptor.
- EA hydrophilic head.
14In neutralization, A-B toxins have an active, virulent part and a binding part. To prevent these toxins from doing damage, the antibodies:
- ABind to the binding part, preventing it from binding to host cells.
- BAttaching to the virulent part and monitoring its actions so it can signal microphages if the virus attaches to a host.
- CSurrounding the virulent part and breaking it off from the binding receptor.
- DAttacking the binding port, destroying it so the toxin cannot attach to host cells.
15Approximately how many cells do we have specific to each antigen when not infected?
- A10^6.
- B5-10.
- C1.
- D~1000.
16In response to our body not having enough cells to fend off all diseases at all times, we use a process called Clonal Selection. In Clonal Selection,
- AAntigen-specific cells multiply only when they come in contact with their antigen.
- BUpon the entrance of a foreign entity to the body, all antibodies begin cloning themselves.
- CAntibodies attach to antigens and prevent them from cloning themselves.
- DThe entire human body clones itself, abandoning its previous, diseased form for a newer, healthier body.
17When dealing with streptococcus in the throat, the immune system will create many antibodies. These antibodies can cause a problem after the infection in an autoimmune disease called Rheumatic fever, which targets:
- AThe heart.
- BThe liver.
- CThe kidney.
- DThe brain.
18Comparatively to the first exposure of a pathogen, the secondary immune response is:
- AStronger.
- BWeaker.
- CThe same.
- DExtremely dangerous for the body.
19In the lymph node, naïve B cells produce two different types of cells when they encounter an antigen. The [blank_start]plasma cells[blank_end] produced excrete antibodies to deal with the infection. The [blank_start]memory cells[blank_end] produced last for a long time, and prepare the body should it be re-infected with the same pathogen.
- Aplasma cells
- Bmemory cells
- Cnaïve B cells
- Dantibody cells
- Ememory cells
- Frememberos
- Gplasma cells
- Hsuper-immunity cells
20The body has two cellular events in response to antigens. In the primary reponse, the cells produced are [blank_start]IgM[blank_end] cells. In the secondary response, the cells produced are [blank_start]IgG[blank_end] cells.
- AIgM
- Bstrong
- Cantigen
- DIgG
- Elong
- FEgG
21Order the steps in the antibody production process.
[blank_start]5.[blank_end] In response to the antigen protein, the naïve B cell begins reproducing, creating IgM plasma cells and memory cells.
[blank_start]8.[blank_end] IgG memory cells remain in the body, preparing the body for a second infection.
[blank_start]2.[blank_end] Proteins on the surface of the pathogen enter the lymphatic system.
[blank_start]3.[blank_end] Proteins from the surface of the antigen enter the lymph nodes.
[blank_start]6.[blank_end] Plasma cells excrete antibodies to deal with the antigen.
[blank_start]4.[blank_end] The proteins encounter a naïve B cell that reacts to them.
[blank_start]7.[blank_end] As antibodies deal with the infection, some cells mutate into IgG cells.
[blank_start]1.[blank_end] The body is infected with a disease, and pathogens enter the system.- A5.
- B8.
- C2.
- D3.
- E6.
- F4.
- G7.
- H1.
22A large concentration of B cells are housed:
- AIn the bloodstream.
- BIn the lymph nodes.
- CIn the gut.
- DIn the prefrontal cortex.
23In passive immunization, the body's antibody concentration:
- AIs highest right after injection.
- BIs highest one year after injection.
- Cremains stable over time.
- Dincreases over time.
24Taking the bus, what type of immunity are you most likely to get?
- APassive, Natural.
- BPassive, Artificial.
- CActive, Natural.
- DActive, Artificial.
25Serum is a term for:
- ABlood cells.
- BPlasma.
- CInfection.
- DImmunization.
26Vaccines work by:
- AInjecting the body with thousands of antibodies.
- BTriggering passive immunity.
- CTriggering active immunity by use of antigens, stimulating the body to defend itself.
- DWrapping around the body's cells, protecting them from infection.
27In passive immunization, B Cells produce memory cells to protect the body from future infection.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
28Variolation is an inoculation for small pox that originated from China in approximately ~2000 BC. This was done by:
- ACollecting small-pox patients in the same room.
- BSniffing smallpox crust.
- CUsing parts of the pathogen in foods to boost immunity.
- DMassaging smallpox cream on the skin.
29In 1796, Edward Jenner was looking at smallpox as a disease. To do so, he observed this group of people, who were frequently immune to smallpox.
- AMilkmaids.
- BOrphans.
- CAristocrats.
- DFlorists.
30The vaccine for Rota Virus was taken out of the market after a brief period of time because the vaccine was assumed to occasionally cause:
- AIntussusception, wherein the intestine folds into itself.
- BPolio, which can cause paralysis.
- CPertussis, or whooping cough.
- DMumps, a condition that causes bumps on the skin.
31Match the viruses to the years their vaccines were created.
1796: [blank_start]Smallpox[blank_end]
1855: [blank_start]Rabies[blank_end]
1920: [blank_start]Diptheria, Tetanus[blank_end]
1930: [blank_start]Pertussis[blank_end]
1950: [blank_start]Polio[blank_end]
1960: [blank_start]Mumps, measles, rubella virus[blank_end]
1990: [blank_start]Hepatitis B[blank_end]
2000: [blank_start]Rota virus, HPV[blank_end]- ASmallpox
- BRabies
- CDiptheria, Tetanus
- DPertussis
- EPolio
- FMumps, measles, rubella virus
- GHepatitis B
- HRota virus, HPV
32Herd immunity is:
- AVaccination in a portion of the population providing protection to unprotected individuals.
- BA specific type of immunity seen in herd animals, specifically buffalo.
- CFewer people being immunized than unimmunized.
- DA type of immune response generated by herds of sick people gathering together.
33People refusing to vaccinate their children is a major problem in the development of herd immunity.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
34In terms of attenuated organisms, 'live' means:
- AWith an ability to replicate host cells.
- BThe common state of being of a virus.
- CUnicellular.
- DPossessing a nucleus.
35Attenuation of a virus is a process in which:
- AViruses are forced to adapt into less virulent forms, making them less dangerous for humans.
- BThe virus is neutralized.
- CThe virus is strengthened through concentration in one species.
- DThe virus is pitted against other viruses, where they combat in a battle-royale-esque scenario until only the strongest virus is left alive.
36A common host when attenuating viruses for humans is:
- AChicken eggs.
- BBats.
- CBabies.
- DRats.
37Varicella zoster is another name for this infection:
- AShingles.
- BHIV.
- CPolio.
- DPertussis.
38A danger with live attenuated vaccines is called back mutation. These are:
- AThe virus reverting back to a more virulent form.
- BThe virus occasionally eating through the back of your cells, destroying them.
- CThe attenuated virus acting as back-up and exacerbating a different disease.
- DThe virus backing out of the regular part of the system that it usually affects and focusing on a new, less prepared area in the body.
39Kill vaccines work by:
- AEliminating viral ability to replicate and infectivity without compromising antigenicity.
- BDissolving the entire virus, taking apart the shell and chemically destroying the nucleus.
- CChemically activating with the shell, opening it up for the immune system to deal with the inside.
- DKilling the body's cells so the virus has nothing to do.
40In more recent years, small fragment vaccines have been created through cloning using yeast/bacterial cells to make proteins. In the past, proteins were gathered by:
- AExtracting the blood plasma of of patients.
- BRemoving and de-shelling viruses from patients.
- CEating specific, protein-rich foods.
- DEating bats.
41Which are types of artificial vaccination strategies? (Check all that apply)
- AAttenuated organisms.
- BTaking the bus.
- CKill/subunit organisms.
- DSmall fragments (virus fractionation)
- EInjection of the virus in its pure form.
- FBacterial Exotoxins.
- GBacteriophage injection.
42Match the type of vaccination to its process:
[blank_start]Live attenuated vaccines[blank_end] - 'weakened down' forms of disease that are less dangerous for humans, and replicate.
[blank_start]Kill vaccines[blank_end] - Vaccines that inactivate the viruses by destroying the insides of them, leaving the shell.
[blank_start]Small Fragments[blank_end] - Purified subunit vaccines created from fractionation of the original disease.
[blank_start]Bacterial Exotoxins[blank_end] - Destroys the active side of A-B toxins, creating toxoids - inactive toxins with binding ports.- ALive attenuated vaccines
- BKill vaccines
- CSmall Fragments
- DBacterial Exotoxins
43Placental transfer can give us IgG cells, and breastfeeding can give us IgA cells. These types of immunization are examples of:
- APassive, natural immunization.
- BPassive, artificial immunization.
- CActive, natural immunization.
- DActive, artificial immunization.
44For greatest levels of immunity 5 years into the future, you would want active instead of passive acquired immunity.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
45Botulism is dangerous for the body in moderate quantities, and is extremely dangerous for infants. This said, it still has uses. In small doses, botulism is used in botox. This is because:
- ABotulism releases muscles, alleviating wrinkles.
- BBotulism constricts muscles, firming skin.
- CBotulism has numbing qualities that prevent pain in the process.
- DBotulism reinvigorates cells.
46If on a camping trip someone was to be bitten by a bat with rabies, these are the steps that should be taken to care for the injury: (check all that apply)
- ALicking the wound clean.
- BWashing the wound with soap and water.
- CRubbing alcohol over the wound.
- DGetting treated with antibodies against rabies as soon as possible.
- ERubbing grass in the wound.
- FApply a tourniquet and amputate as soon as possible.
47When a baby is at risk getting Hepatitis B from their mother, the CDC recommends applying H-BIG (passively delivered antibody) and three doses of the Hep B vaccine at 0 months, 1-2 months and 6 months. When given this treatment, this many kids are Hepatitis B-free for life:
- A19/20 kids.
- B99/100 kids.
- C1/2 kids.
- D1/20 kids.
Informações
- Descrição
- A test for the Immunology section of NATS 1670.
- Autor
- Brianna Murphy
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 442
- Etiquetas
- Avaliação
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