Quiz
Chapter 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Perguntas do quiz (31)
1Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?
- AHigh body surface-to-body size ratio
- BSlow metabolic rate
- CKidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
- DInability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
2Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
- AAdipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
- BThe metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
- CThe rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
- DThe thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
3A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L;
carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?- ARespiratory alkalosis
- BMetabolic acidosis
- CRespiratory acidosis
- DMetabolic alkalosis
4Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?- AOsmotic forces
- BPlasma oncotic pressure
- CAntidiuretic hormone
- DHydrostatic forces
5In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma
and interstitial fluid spaces?- AOncotic pressure
- BBuffering
- CNet filtration
- DHydrostatic pressure
6Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
- ACapillary hydrostatic
- BInterstitial hydrostatic
- CCapillary oncotic
- DInterstitial oncotic
7At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space?- AInterstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
- BCapillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
- CInterstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
- DCapillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
8Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
- ACapillary hydrostatic
- BInterstitial hydrostatic
- CPlasma oncotic
- DInterstitial oncotic
9How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?
- ADecrease in serum sodium
- BIncrease in plasma osmolality
- CIncrease in glomerular filtration rate
- DDecrease in osmoreceptor stimulation
10Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?
- AAntidiuretic hormone
- BAldosterone
- CHydrostatic pressure
- DOsmotic pressure
11A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?
- ADecrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
- BIncrease blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
- CIncrease heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
- DDecrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.
12When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes,
what type of alteration occurs?- AIsotonic
- BHypertonic
- CHypotonic
- DNormotonic
13Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood
volume is reduced?- AAngiotensin I
- BAngiotensin II
- CAldosterone
- DRenin
14A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional
assess for?- ASyndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
- BHypersecretion of aldosterone
- CBrief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
- DExcessive diuretic therapy
15A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that
the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are
caused by what mechanism?- AHigh sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
- BHigh sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
- CLow sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain. - DLow sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell.
16What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
- ARetained sodium to bind with the chloride
- BHydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
- CRetention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
- DHypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis
17The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
- ASodium depletion
- BDecreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- CIncreased plasma oncotic pressure
- DLymphatic obstruction
18Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
- AStimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
- BBinds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
- CTransports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
- DBreaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it
19A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of
nerve impulses is the ratio between what?- AIntracellular and extracellular Na+
- BIntracellular and extracellular K+
- CIntracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
- DIntracellular K+ and extracellular Na+
20During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?- AOxygen
- BSodium
- CPotassium
- DMagnesium
21A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hyperkalemia?- AHyperparathyroidism
- BVomiting
- CRenal failure
- DHyperaldosteronism
22In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?
- AHypopolarization
- BHyperexcitability
- CDepolarization
- DRepolarization
23A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional
what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?- AAnxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
- BA compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
- CDiabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis
- DMore oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.
24A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What
electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?- AK+: 2.8 mEq/L
- BK+: 5.4 mEq/L
- CCa++: 8.2 mg/dL
- DCa++: 12.9 mg/dL
25A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to
this behavior?- AMagnesium 1.8 mg/dL
- BPhosphate 1.9 mg/dL
- CSodium 149 mEq/L
- DPotassium 2.5 mEq/L
26A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional
assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?- AHepatitis
- BRenal failure
- CTrauma to the hypothalamus
- DPancreatitis
27Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic
acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?- A20:1
- B1:20
- C10:2
- D10:5
28Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?
- AInterstitial fluid spaces
- BVascular system
- CIntracellular fluid compartments
- DIntraocular fluids
29A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which
electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?- ASodium
- BPotassium
- CCalcium
- DMagnesium
30Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?
- ALosses or diminished production of plasma albumin
- BInflammation resulting from an immune response
- CBlockage within the lymphatic channel system
- DSodium and water retention
31A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or
assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?- APositive Chvostek sign
- BSerum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
- CNausea and vomiting
- DSerum sodium 138 mEq/L
Informações
- Descrição
- Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis of Disease in Adults and Children 8th Edition
- Autor
- Emily Doyle
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 740
- Etiquetas
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