Flashcards
Introduction to the nervous system and spinal cord
Flashcards do conjunto (57)
- 1Characteristics of the nervous system?Irritability - responds to stimuli.
Conduction - transmits action potentials over a long distance.
Integration - can analyse and interpret information. - 22 parts of the nervous system?Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system - 3Nervous tissue contains ......and .......cells.Neurons and glial
- 4A neuron contains acell body
dendrites
axon (nerve fibre) - 5Central nervous system operates the ......and......brain and spinal cord.
- 6The peripheral nervous system consists ofnerves leading to and from the central nervous system.
- 7Two types of nerve axon?Sensory or afferent
Motor or efferent - 8The axons responsible for transmitting action potentials from body parts (periphery) to the CNS are called?Sensory or afferent
- 9The axons responsible for transmitting action potentials from the CNS to body parts (periphery)?Motor or efferent
- 10Types of sensory information analysed by the brain?Sight
Taste
Smell
Limb position
Blood gas levels
Sound
Blood pressure - 11Not all skin areas have the same number of sensory receptors. The area of skin supplied by a single sensory neuron is called areceptive field.
- 12The ability to localise a particular sensation depends on?The number of receptors
Sensitivity of receptors
Size and arrangement of receptive fields. - 13Not all sensations stay constant over a period of time. e.g. touch, smell and temperature. If the sensation is not harmful, the number of action potentials in the sensory nerve decrease with time. This is calledsensory adaptation.
- 14To produce.......movement action potentials are sent....the spinal cord from the brain.voluntary, down
- 15Sensory.......transmit AP's from specialised nerve endings to the spinal......neurons, cord
- 16....then travel up the spinal cord to the brain for analysis.APs
- 17How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?31
- 18In what order do the regions of the spinal cord occur?Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral - 19The spinal cord contains a .....core and a .......perimeter.gray, white
- 20The gray matter contains....cell bodies of motor neurons
ends of sensory fibres
interneurons - 21The white matter containsbundles of nerve axons carrying AP's up and down the spinal cord.
- 22Certain kinds of input, in addition to being sent to the brain, can trigger an automatic response from the spinal cord. This is called areflex.
- 23Examples of reflexesSneezing
Coughing
Blinking
Movement of hand away from a burning object.
Dilation and constriction of pupil. - 24A reflex is made up of 3 parts?Input, relay and output.
- 25An input is an ?event that causes reflex.
- 26A relay is ?connections between neurons in the CNS.
- 27Output is theresulting muscle activity.
- 285 Steps in a stretch reflex?Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
Sensory neuron
Within integrating center sensory neuron activates motor neuron.
Motor neuron.
Effector contracts and relieves the stretching. - 29What would be the normal latency of the knee jerk reflex?35ms
- 30Two major descending or motor pathways exist. These are?Corticospinal
Extra Pyramidal - 31The ...........pathway is important for precise control of movement.corticospinal
- 32The.........pathways are for control of posture and movement of whole limbs.Extrapyrimidal
- 33The ........hand side of the brain controls movements and interprets sensory information from the.....side of the body.left, right
- 34............. of the nerve axons must occurcrossing over - before sensory information can be identified,e.g. pain/touch.
- 35Before sensory information can be identified, e.g pain or touch, ........must be transmitted to the brain. The route followed depends on the type of input. ...neurons are involved and .......over occursAPs, 3, crossing
- 36Two major ascending sensory pathways exist which are?Dorsal columns and Spinothalamic pathway
- 37Dorsal columns deal with what senses?Touch
Vibration
Pressure
Two point discrimination
Proprioception (body position) - 38Spinothalamic pathway deals with which senses?Pain and temperature (lateral pathway)
Light touch and pressure (anterior pathway) - 39Photorecptors respond to?light
- 40Mechanoreceptors respond to?Touch, pressure and proprioception
- 41Thermoreceptors respond to ?Hot and cold
- 42Nociceptors respond to ?pain
- 43Chemoreceptors respond to?levels of Oxygen or carbon dioxide.
- 44Cutaneous receptors respond to?sensation in skin
- 45Examples of cutaneous receptors?Meissner corpuscle
Ruffini ending
Pacinian corpuscle
Free nerve ending
Krause corpuscle
Hair follicle
Merkle's discs - 46Meissner corpuscle is.......adapting. It responds to ..........and.......touch.rapidly
discriminative and light - 47A ruffini ending is enclosed in a ....filled capsule. It responds to ..........touch and is ......adapting.fluid, continuous, slowly
- 48Pacinian corpuscle has ....filled layers. Has an......like structure. Responds to....... and adapts.......fluid, onion, pressure, rapidly.
- 49Free nerve ending has.....ends of dendtrites, senses.....and..........Is......adapting.bare, pain and temperature. slowly
- 50Krause corpuscle - similar to .......corpuscles........adapting.meissner, rapidly
- 51Hair follicle - dendrites wrapped around hair. Senses movement in.......Adapts.......hair.rapidly
- 52Merkle's discs are .........disk like epithelial cells. Respond to .......touch. Are........adapting.flattened, light, slowly
- 53There are....pairs of cervical spinal nerves8
- 54There are ......pairs of thoracic spinal nerves.12
- 55There are ...pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.5
- 56There are ....pairs of sacral spinal nerves.5
- 57There is...pair of coccygeal spinal nerves.1
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- University Pod Year 1 FlashCards sobre Introduction to the nervous system and spinal cord, criado por Morgan Morgan em 03-01-2014.
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