Flashcards
Vocabulary Ch.1
Flashcards do conjunto (35)
- 1Sentence- basic unit of language that we will consider in our study of English grammar
- because it is at this level that grammar primarily operates - 2Words- make up a sentence
- must be in a certain order for understanding to take place
- if not, will sound wrong, & be asked for repetition or clarification - 3Morphemes- elements that make up words
- 'morph': shape, form
- e.g. prefixes, suffixes
- 2 types: free & bound morphemes - 4Prefix- comes at the front of a word
- changes the meanings of words
- e.g. to the opposite (INsincere)
* hence MORPHeme - 5Suffix- comes at the end of a word
- changes the functions of words
- e.g. to the abstract notion (friendSHIP)
* hence MORPHeme - 6Free morphemes- morphemes that can stand freely by themselves as independent words
e.g. tiger, gorgeous, but, in
- has 2 groups: lexical morphemes / content words VS grammatical morphemes / function words - 7Content words- a.k.a. lexical morphemes
- allow us to create an image of some kind in our minds
e.g. beautiful, build, fast, thought - 8Function words- a.k.a. grammatical morphemes
- show relationships amongst content words
- by themselves do not have the power to create an image in our minds; dependent on content words to give them a meaning
- e.g. but, in, are, these, she - 9Bound morphemes- elements of words that cannot stand freely & independently
- bound / connected to free morphemes
- have no meaning till attached to free morphemes
- e.g. prefixes & suffixes
- e.g. REstate, quietNESS, pencilS, helpED
- 2 groups: derivational VS inflectional morphemes - 10Derivational morphemes- allow us to make new words in the language
- and / or to change one grammatical category to another
e.g. restate is a new word built from state; quietness (n) is derived from quiet (adj) - 11Inflectional morpheme- show grammatical function of a word
- e.g. how many (pencilS),
time that sth. happens (talkING, helpED),
comparisons to other adj. (smallER)
- always suffixes
- 8 in English - 12Word classes- a.k.a. parts of speech
- 13Nouns- traditional description: a person, place or thing
- easier to identify by bound morphemes, specifically inflectional morphemes
- e.g. -s (singular or plural); -'s (possessive?)
- MOST reliable way to identify: its position in a sentence
(*especially when N has the same form as V)
- e.g. 'PAINT is expensive' VS 'Artists PAINT pictures'
- 2 groups: proper VS common nouns
- 2 other groups: concrete VS abstract nouns
- 2 more groups: count VS noncount nouns - 14Proper nouns- formal names / titles of ppl., countries, days, months, languages, businesses
- in English, almost always begins with a capital letter
- 15Common nouns- all other nouns that are not proper nouns
- 16Concrete nouns- describe things we can touch or sense in some way
- 17Abstract nouns- have no substance, and can only be imagined or thought about
- 18Count nouns- the forms of a noun that may be counted
- has a plural form
- 19Noncount nouns- forms of a noun that cannot be counted
- only have singular forms
- 20Specific count nouns VS General noncount nouns* most nouns have both count & noncount forms: count n always indicate a more specific form of the noun; whilst noncount nouns a more general form
* sometimes they have completely different meanings
- 21Verbs- typically said to describe an action / a state of being
- more easily identified by their position in a sentence (usu. comes after n.)
- more easily identified by inflectional morphemes (-s, -ing, -ed1, -ed2)
- 2 types: dynamic VS stative
- other classifications: active VS passive; transitive VS intransitive - 22Dynamic verbs- describe an action
- typically show activities, processes, transitional & momentary events
- 23Stative verbs- describe a state of being
- typically show cognition, perception, emotion & relation
- 24Adjectives- modify the nouns that they occur with (tell the qualities of a noun, e.g. size, shape, condition, age, colour, origin)
- 2 types: attributive VS predicate adjectives
* cannot usu. be identified by their inflectional morphemes (-er & -est are specialised forms that are ONLY applied during comparisons -> so not always present)
* may have derivational morphemes (e.g. -ful, -ive, -ed, -ing, -like, -ly) - 25Attributive adjectives- come directly before the noun
- 26Predicate adjectives- disconnected from the noun they modify, typically coming after a verb like 'be'
- e.g. 'That woman is BEAUTIFUL' - 27Adverbs- tells us sth. abt. the verbs they occur with (i.e. they modify verbs)
- tell us how frequently they take place, how, to what degree, where, when, etc.
* can also modify adjectives & other adverbs in similar ways
* most mobile word class (can occur directly before or after a v., at the beginning or end of sentence)
* when not directly adjacent to v., tends to modify the whole sentence, not just the v. alone
- 28Pronouns- take the place of a noun that has been clearly identified in a text or by a situation
- so as not to have to repeat a noun
- i.e. replaces the antecedent
- dif. types: subject, objects, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative pronouns
- e.g.. I, he, everyone, him, each, myself, some, mine, his, theirs, that - 29Auxiliary verbs- help main verbs accomplish certain functions (a.k.a. helping verbs)
e.g. be, have, do
- also function as main verbs
- HOWEVER, only main verbs occur by themselves in a sentence; aux. v, need a partner
- also include modals
- 30Modals- can never function as main verbs
- cannot occur by themselves, only with a main verb
- show possibilities & obligations
- 31Prepositions- show a particular relationship btw. 2 or more nouns (most commonly place / time)
- others show accompaniment (with, without), comparison (like, as), possession / relation (of), means (by, by means of), etc.
- 32Determiners- establish / determine certain features of a noun that are dif. from the qualitative features described by adj.
- e.g. quantity (many, all, a lot of, both, every), show definiteness (the), possession (my, John's), sequence (first, another?, the other?)
- always come before the noun or its modifiers
* principal characteristic: cannot occur without a n.
* many have same form as pronouns
- 33Conjunctions- connect 2 or more grammatical elements (words, phrases, or clauses)
- usu. appear either btw. 2 grammatical elements / just before the end of a list of such elements
- types: coordinating conjunctions - 34Coordinating conjunctions- conjoin things of coordinate or equal value.
- e.g. and, but, or, so
- and: shows additional information
- but: contrary
- or: alternative
- so: consequential
- 35Ch.1 Words* recognise that a word class is determined more by position & function of a word in a sentence than by any def. of the word class
** esp. true for Eng. cos word order determines meaning + same word can often perform dif. function of dif. word class
Informações
- Descrição
- Grammar FlashCards sobre Vocabulary Ch.1, criado por Penelope Stewart em 14-01-2017.
- Criado por
- Penelope Stewart
- Visualizações
- 15
- Avaliação