Flashcards
Memory Systems
Flashcards do conjunto (15)
- 1Implicit Memory= memory without awareness/unconscious memory. Can be measured via indirect tests
- 2Explicit memory= memory with awareness. Can be measured via direct and indirect tests
- 3Direct tests Indirect tests= subjects are explicitly told their memory will be tested
= subjects do not realise that the testing conditions and study conditions are related - 4Experimental dissociation= performance on different tests is affected differently by experimental manipulations
- 5Reber (1967)Subjects learn 3-8 letter strings. Group 1 followed an artificial grammar. Group 2 were random.
Group 1 had better recall of strings and could tell if new strings were grammatical.
They couldn't describe the grammar so it was implicit memory - 6Tulving et al (1982)Subjects learned 96 words. They were given word fragment completion/recognition tests on 48 words after 1 hour and 7 days.
Performance for word fragment remained the same but was lower after 7 days for recognition.
There are 2 different memory systems used to perform these tasks - 7Multiple Memory Systems (Tulving & Schacter, 1990)Procedural - nondeclarative; motor skills, conditioning and cognition
Perceptual representation - nondeclarative; visual + auditory word form, structural description
Primary memory - working memory; visual + auditory info
Semantic memory - generic factual knowledge, spatial + relational
Episodic memory - personal autobiographical events - 8MMS Weaknesses1. There is no criteria for what constitutes as a memory system
2. It fails to account for normal memory decline e.g. difficulty with some episodic tasks not all
3. Dissociations between memory systems exist - 9Unitary Signal Detection Model (Berry et al, 2008)Each item in memory is given a single memory strength value (f).
Each task produces a random noise value.
f + noise = decision as to whether an item is old or new - 10Berry et al (2008)Common dissociation; manipulating depth of processing (uses semantic judgments) affects recognition but not priming tasks. This is because priming tasks produce more noise overall which continues to override f, even when it has been strengthened by depth of processing
- 11USDM Strengths1. It is a computational model (based on algorithms). This allows for testable predictions and promotes transparency
- 12Transfer-Appropriate Processing (Roediger et al, 1989)The processing used during the study phase needs to match the processing required by the test.
Direct memory relies on the encoded meaning of concepts. Indirect memory relies on perceptual processing - 13Blaxton (1989)Direct data driven test: graphemic cued recall
Direct concept driven test: free recall
Indirect data driven test: word fragment completion
Indirect concept driven test: general knowledge - 14TAP Strengths1. It avoids different memory systems
2. It explains normal memory decline - 15TAP Weaknesses1. It doesn't account for conscious memory
2. It doesn't explain dissociations between concept driven tasks
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- FlashCards sobre Memory Systems, criado por Alex Hickey em 13-05-2017.
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- Alex Hickey
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